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(59–86°F). Exposure to temperatures below the recommended   2.  Ho KM, Leonard AD. Concentration-dependent effect of hypo-
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                                                                in military casualties from point of injury to surgical teams in Af-
          Conclusion                                            ghanistan.  Mil Med. 2021;186(Suppl 1):300–304. doi:10.1093/
                                                                milmed/usaa267
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                                                                tion of citrated whole blood using a microfluidic herringbone mixer.
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          with proper planning, training, and innovation. Investing in   11.  Cap AP, Gurney J, Spinella P, et al. Clinical practice guidelines
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          Author Contributions                                  placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9734):23–32. doi:10.
          This review was conceived by RDL, AF, and PR. RDL wrote   1016/S0140-6736(10)60835-5
          the first draft of this paper. All three authors revised the man-  14.  Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, et al. Effect of calcium supple-
          uscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.  ments on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events:
                                                                meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c3691. doi:10.1136/bmj.c3691
                                                             15.  Goltzman D.  Hypercalcemia. In: Endotext. South Dartmouth,
          Disclaimer                                            MA: MDText.com, Inc. Updated 2023. Accessed Dec 17, 2025.
          UCC (University College of Cork) supported this review. This   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279037/
          is a NATO Special Operation Combat Medic (NSOCM) Di-  16.  Dupuy C, Martinez T, Duranteau O, et al. Comparison of the le-
          ploma thesis.                                         thal triad and the lethal diamond in severe trauma patients: a mul-
                                                                ticenter cohort. World J Emerg Surg. 2025;20(1):2. doi:10.1186/
                                                                s13017-024-00572-5
          Disclosures                                        17.  TraumaRegister DGU. Propensity score-matched analysis of cal-
          The authors have nothing to disclose.                 cium supplementation in trauma resuscitation. Crit Care. 2024;
                                                                28(3):587–594. doi:10.1186/s13054-024-05002-1
          Funding
          No funding was received for this work.             PMID: 41420645; DOI: 10.55460/BI55-1GP4

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