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that independent variables (i.e., the inputs, which in this in- With this data set, it was now possible to conduct a statisti-
stance are humanitarian issues) have on terrorist attacks. For cal analysis to determine the relationship between the inde-
the dependent variable, we found the number of terrorist at- pendent variables and the dependent variable. Because these
tacks in Iraq by governate in 2018 using crowd-sourced data data are inherently quantitative, it is imperative to select the
from https://storymaps.esri.com/stories/terrorist-attacks/. Sim- appropriate statistical tool for analysis to produce meaning-
5
ilarly, ReliefWeb provides a comprehensive database of perti- ful results. This data set includes only discrete values with a
nent country-based reports at https://reliefweb.int/countries. continuous data range. However, as with many data sets that
For Iraq, the recent Humanitarian Needs Overview from 2018 consist of population-based values from different geographical
served as the data source for the pertinent independent vari- areas, the data are skewed. Linear regression relies on several
ables of interest. A list of each of the independent variables is assumptions, one of which is that the variables included in
6
defined in Table 1. A consolidated list of the data used in the the model have a normal, or bell-shaped, distribution. In such
subsequent analysis is compiled in Table 2. a distribution, the mean, or average value for each variable,

TABLE 1 Variables Table
Variable Table
Variable Description Data Type
X1: Persons in Need Individuals requiring at least one need as determined by a UN Continuous
ClusterAgency.
X2: Internally Displaced Persons Persons forced to flee their homes from armed conflict and have not crossed Continuous
a recognized border.
X3: Persons with Primary Health Needs Essential health care that is based on scientifically sound and socially Continuous
acceptable methods and technology.
X4: Persons with Physical or Amputees or persons requiring psychotherapy (including gender-based or Continuous
Mental Rehab Needs conflict related sexual violence).
X5: Persons with WASH Needs Insufficient access to potable water and adequate sanitation. Continuous
X6: Persons with Shelter and Persons with inadequate quarters or a lack of access to basic household Continuous
Non-Food Needs items.
X7: Children with Educational Needs 3-17 year-olds who lack the ability to receive formal education. Continuous

TABLE 2 Descriptive Statistics of Raw Data
Dependent
Variable Independent Variables
Internally Persons with Persons with Persons with Persons with
Total Displaced Primary Physical Water, Sanitation, Shelter and Children with
Terrorist Persons Persons Health or Mental & Hygiene Non-Food Educational
Governorate Attacks 5 in Need 6 (IDPs) 6 Needs 6 Rehab Needs 6 (WASH) Needs 6 Needs 6 Needs 6
Anbar 27 1,352,562 76,000 1,200,000 24,000 417,000 497,000 528,154
Babylon (Babel) 0 23,853 28,000 25,000 500 300 9,000 10,989
Baghdad 24 206,089 96,000 180,000 4,000 42,000 82,000 80,139
Basrah 1 8,088 8,000 7,000 100 100 200 3,157
Dahuk 0 486,323 350,000 353,000 7,000 210,000 212,000 189,896
Diyala 27 319,139 63,000 279,000 6,000 113,000 84,000 123,908
Erbil (Irbil) 3 481,608 220,000 289,000 6,000 107,000 85,000 176,132
Kerbala (Karbala) 0 25,497 23,000 21,000 400 2,000 8,000 9,563
Kirkuk 55 450,058 127,000 395,000 8,000 116,000 138,000 175,530
Missan (Maysan) 0 2,966 3,000 3,000 50 500 600 1,157
Muthanna 0 1,290 1,000 1,000 20 10 0 503
Najaf 0 28,069 24,000 25,000 500 4,000 11,000 11,400
Ninewa 37 2,168,222 613,000 1,900,000 39,000 885,000 624,000 858,582
Qadissiya (Qadisiyah) 0 15,206 12,000 14,000 300 2,000 3,000 6,026
Salah al-Din
(Salahuddin) 21 764,669 174,000 700,000 13,000 220,000 301,000 298,628
Sulaymaniyah 0 193,572 151,000 145,000 3,000 37,000 37,000 76,716
Thi-Qar (Dhi-Qar) 0 4,171 4,000 4,000 70 40 500 1,628
Wassit 0 13,529 12,000 12,000 200 1,000 2,000 5,282
Total 195 6,544,911 1,985,000 5,553,000 112,140 2,156,950 2,094,300 2,557,390
Mean 11 363,606 110,278 308,500 6,230 119,831 116,350 142,077
Median 0 110,821 45,500 85,000 1,750 20,500 24,000 44,058
5 ESRI (2019). Terrorist Attacks: January 1, 2018–December 31, 2018. Retrieved from: https://storymaps.esri.com/stories/terrorist-attacks/.
6 Iraq Team (December, 2018). 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-humanitarian-needs
-overview-2019-november-2018.

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