Page 40 - JSOM Spring 2018
P. 40

patient with presumed pelvic-fracture hemorrhagic shock after   technology correctly and in the right circumstance. This study
          falling 15m onto concrete. This patient successfully survived   demonstrates that IDMTs can learn and retain the technical
          to the hospital and underwent angioembolization and ortho-  capabilities to perform REBOA. Additional research is needed
          pedic surgery. The patient was discharged on hospital day 52. 9  to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of this interven-
                                                             tion under high stress and austere circumstances.
          Our  sample  of IDMTs  underwent  simulator  training  for
            REBOA placement after didactic training, similar to the   Disclaimer
          acute care surgeon cohort reported on by Brenner et al.  Even   The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and
                                                     7
          though acute care surgeons from the University of Maryland   do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the
          have considerable experience with hemorrhage, as well as line   Air Force, the Army, the Department of Defense, or the US
          placement and some endovascular training, the IDMT group   Government.
          from our study had similar improvements in knowledge and
          task time, showing that the technique can be taught to a group   Funding
          of motivated, skilled individuals. 7               This study was funded in part by a clinical grant from the
                                                             Department of Defense.
          Task training to acquire a new skill set has been reviewed by
          several studies. Aggarwal et al.  evaluated novice and experi-  Disclosure
                                  10
          enced endovascular surgeons with interventions using simula-  MB is on the Clinical Advisory Board of Prytime Medical Inc.
          tion. They noted that after six sessions, the novice participants   The other authors have no financial relationships relevant to
          improved markedly and achieved scores similar to those of the   this article to disclose.
          experienced group.
                                                             Author Contributions
          These data support these findings that novice, nonphysician,   All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
          skilled technicians can successfully be taught the key steps in
          placement of an endovascular balloon to decrease hemorrhage   References
          from a noncompressible torso source. Although these partici-    1.  Eastridge BJ, Mabry RL, Seguin P, et al. Death on the battle-
          pants had never placed anything similar to this device, these   field (2001–2011): implications for the future of combat ca-
          members are highly trained in their respective fields and are   sualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:S431–S437.
          very malleable to new technology. With their training comes     2.  Kragh JF Jr, Littrel ML, Jones JA, et al. Battle casualty sur-
          confidence and skill that can be adapted to various proce-  vival with emergency tourniquet use to stop limb bleeding. J
                                                                Emerg Med. 2011;41:590–597.
          dures. These motivated individuals are avid learners for new     3.  Moore LJ, Brenner M, Kozar RA, et al. Implementation of
          technology to quell bleeding on the battlefield because they   resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta as
          may be the only medical provider standing between life and   an alternative to resuscitative thoracotomy for noncompress-
          death for the wounded Soldier.                        ible truncal hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79:
                                                                523–530.
          This training was provided in a stable environment with ideal     4.  Manley  JD,  Mitchell  BJ,  DuBose  JJ,  et  al.  A  modern  case
          conditions. Battlefield medicine is typically carried out in non-  series of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the
          sterile, hectic conditions, which our training did not entertain.   aorta (REBOA) in an out-of-hospital, combat casualty care
          Thus, we note the simulator may not provide a realistic experi-  setting. J Spec Oper Med. 2017;17(1):1–8.
          ence for the placement of REBOA in a prehospital setting. This     5.  Garrison P.  Flying Without Wings: A Flight Simulation
          training is the first step in acquiring a new skill. The absence of   Manual. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books; 1985:1–31,
                                                                102–106.
          student-performed femoral artery cannulation is a weakness     6.  Ressler EK, Armstrong JE, Forsythe GB. Military mission
          in our model and a necessary skill needed to place this de-  rehearsal: from sandtable to virtual reality. In: Tekian A,
          vice. Further training should be focused on arterial placement,   McGuire C, McGaghie W, eds.  Innovative Simulations for
          including landmark guidance, image guidance, and, possibly,   Assessing Professional Competence. Chicago, IL: University
          open guidance. Also, clear indications need to be set to aid the   of Illinois; 1999:157–174.
          IDMT in placement after other adjuncts have failed in stabiliz-    7.  Brenner M, Hoehn M, Pasley J,  et al. Basic endovascular
          ing the patient.                                      skills for trauma course: bridging the gap between endovas-
                                                                cular techniques and the acute care surgeon. J Trauma Acute
                                                                Care Surg. 2014;77:286–291.
          Conclusion                                           8.  Morrison JJ, Ross JD, Rassmusen TE, et al. Resuscitative
                                                                endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta: a gap analysis
          Technology for aortic occlusion has advanced to provide   of severely injured UK combat casualties.  Shock. 2014;41:
          smaller, wirefree devices, making field deployment more re-  388–393.
          alistic  and  feasible.  IDMTs  can  learn the  steps  required  for     9.  Sadek S, Lockey DJ, Lendrum RA,  et al. Resuscitative en-
          REBOA and perform the procedure accurately and rapidly, as   dovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in the
          assessed by simulation, for potential field placement. IDMTs   pre-hospital  setting: an  additional  resuscitation option  for
          currently lack the skill set to perform percutaneous common   uncontrolled catastrophic haemorrhage. Resuscitation. 2016;
          femoral artery cannulation. As clinical data demonstrate, arte-  107:135–138.
          rial access is a significant challenge in the ability to perform   10.  Aggarwal R, Black SA, Hance JR, et al. Virtual reality simula-
          REBOA safely and rapidly. Access should be a focus of fur-  tion training can improve inexperienced surgeons’ endovascu-
          ther  training to  promote  this  procedure  closer  to  the point   lar skills. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31:588–593.
          of injury. Clinical judgment will also be critical to use this





          36  |  JSOM   Volume 18, Edition 1/Spring 2018
   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44   45