Page 131 - Journal of Special Operations Medicine - Winter 2014

4. Noor AM, Kinyoki DK, Mundia CW, et al. The chang- 18. Ippolito G, Puro V, De Carli G. The risk of occupational
ing risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care
Africa: 2000–10: a spatial and temporal analysis of trans- workers. Italian multicenter study. Italian Study Group
mission intensity. Lancet. 2014;383:1739–1747. on Occupational Risk of HIV infection. Arch Intern Med.
5. National Center for Medical Intelligence. Using NCMI 1993;153:1451–1458.
malaria risk assessments to support chemoprophylaxis 19. Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, et al, for the US
choices. 23 August, 2011. https://www.intelink.gov/ncmi/ Public Health Service Working Group. Updated US Public
document.php?id=99003. Accessed 5 September 2014. Health Service Guidelines for the management of occupa-
6. Genton B, D’Acremont V. Malaria prevention in travel- tional exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and
ers. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2012;26:637–654. recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Infect
7. US Army Public Health Command. USAPHC TG 336, Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:875–892.
Malaria Field Guide. http://www.pdhealth.mil/malaria 20. Appiah B. Snakebite neglect rampant in Africa. CMAJ.
.asp. Accessed 1 September 2014. 2012;184:E27–E28.
8. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the 21. Chippaux JP. Estimate of the burden of snakebite in
treatment of malaria. 2nd ed. March 2010. http://www. sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analytic approach. Toxicon.
who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241547925/en/. 2011;57:586–599.
Accessed 1 September 2014. 22. Brown N. Consequences of neglect: analysis of the sub-
9. Hill DR, Baird JK, Parise ME, Lewis LS, Ryan ET, Ma- Saharan African snake antivenom market and the global
gill AJ. Primaquine: report from CDC Expert Meeting context. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1670.
on malaria chemoprophylaxis I. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 23. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the preven-
2006;75:402–415. tion and clinical management of snakebite in Africa.
10. Carmona RJ, Shaikh S, Khalidi NA. Chikungunya viral Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo: World Health Orga-
polyarthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:935–936. nization; 2010.
11. National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 24. Larréché S, Mion G, MAyet A, et al. Antivenin remains
Diseases. Chikungunya information for healthcare pro- effective against African Viperidae bites despite a delayed
viders. May 5, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/ treatment. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29:155–161.
pdfs/CHIKV_Clinicians.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2014.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dengue.
June 19, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/. Accessed 1
September 2014. LTC(P) Lynch is the Command Surgeon with Special Opera-
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ebola Hem- tions Command Africa in Stuttgart, Germany. Email: james.h
orrhagic Fever. 4 September 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/ .lynch.mil@mail.mil.
vhf/ebola/. Accessed 4 September 2014.
14. Glatter R. Ebola: what US clinicians need to know. Med- MAJ Verlo is the Deputy Command Surgeon and Environ-
scape Emergency Medicine. 4 August 2014. http://www. mental Science and Engineering Officer for Special Operations
medscape.com/viewarticle/829361_2. Accessed 4 Septem- Command Africa in Stuttgart, Germany.
ber 2014.
15. National Institutes of Health. AIDSinfo. 27 September LTC(P) Givens is the former Command Surgeon, Special Op-
2013. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/. Accessed 1 September erations Command Africa and is currently assigned to the De-
2014. partment of Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium
16. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory. for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services Uni-
HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. 2014. http:// versity of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland.
www.who.int/gho/urban_health/outcomes/hiv_preva-
lence/en/. Accessed 1 September 2014. CPO Munoz is the Senior Corpsman for Special Operations
17. Bell DM. Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency Command Africa in Stuttgart, Germany.
virus infection in healthcare workers: an overview. Am J
Med. 1997;102(5B):9–15.

Clinical Considerations in African Operations 121