Page 103 - JSOM Winter 2024

Conclusion 11. Kostoulas ID, Kounalakis SN, Toubekis AG, et al. The effect
of a surface combat swimming training program on swimming
The current study showed that the sCS training program, performance. Int J Sports Med. 2021;42(11):1004–1011. doi:
regardless of equipment usage, effectively enhanced perfor- 10.1055/a-1386-4573
mance within an operational context (e.g., real-life scenarios 12. Kostoulas ID, Kounalakis SN, Toubekis AG, et al. The effect of
involving the recapturing of islets or securing a coast). The en- wet conditions and surface combat swimming on shooting. Mil
hancement of performance was accompanied by an unaltered Med. 2023;188(1-2):e235–e241. doi:10.1093/milmed/usab277
shooting capability. 13. Zacca R, Fernandes RJ, Pyne DB, Castro FA. Swimming train-
ing assessment: the critical velocity and the 400-m test for age-
group swimmers. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(5):1365–1372.
Acknowledgments doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001239
The authors would like to thank the Board of Education of the 14. Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci
Hellenic Army Academy for approving the research as well as Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377–381.
all the Cadets for their enthusiastic participation in the present 15. Tharion WJ, Moore RJ. Effects of carbohydrate intake and load
study. bearing exercise on rifle marksmanship performance. US Army
Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; 1993.
16. Tharion WJ, Shukitt-Hale B, Coffey B, et al. The use of caffeine
Author Contributions to enhance cognitive performance, reaction time, vigilance, rifle
IDK, SNK, AGT, and VG designed the study. IDK, AKar, AKan, marksmanship and mood states in sleep-deprived Navy SEAL
and KK collected the data. IDK and SNK analyzed the data. (BUD/S) trainees. US Army Research Institute of Environmental
IDK and SNK drafted the manuscript. IDK, SNK, AGT, KK, Medicine; 1997.
and VG edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved 17. Gil-Cosano JJ, Orantes-Gonzalez E, Heredia-Jimenez J. Effect
of carrying different military equipment during a fatigue test on
the final version of the manuscript. shooting performance. Eur J Sport Sci. 2019;19(2):186–191. doi:
10.1080/17461391.2018.1502359
Disclosures 18. Tharion WJ, Hoyt RW, Marlowe BE, Cymerman A. Effects of
The authors have nothing to disclose. high altitude and exercise on marksmanship. Aviat Space Environ
Med. 1992;63(2):114–117.
Funding 19. Tharion WJ, Montain SJ, O’Brien C, Shippee RL, Hoban JL. Ef-
No funding was received for this work. fects of military exercise tasks and a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink
on rifle shooting performance in two shooting positions. Int J Ind
Ergon. 1997;19(1):31–39. doi:10.1016/0169-8141(95)00087-9
References 20. Tharion WJ, Obusek JP. Effects of a new individual fighting sys-
1. Knapik JJ, Harman EA, Steelman RA, Graham BS. A systematic tem on marksmanship. Int J Ind Ergon. 2000;25(1):79–84. doi:
review of the effects of physical training on load carriage perfor- 10.1016/S0169-8141(98)00100-0
mance. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(2):585–597. doi:10.1519/ 21. Horák V, Duc LD, Vítek R, Beer S, Mai QH. Prediction of the air
JSC.0b013e3182429853 gun performance. Adv Mil Technol. 2014;9(1):31–44.
2. Haddock CK, Poston WSC, Heinrich KM, Jahnke SA, Jitnarin N. 22. Presland JD, Dowson MN, Cairns SP. Changes of motor drive,
The benefits of high-intensity functional training fitness programs cortical arousal and perceived exertion following prolonged
for military personnel. Mil Med. 2016;181(11):e1508–e1514. cycling to exhaustion. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;95(1):42–51.
doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00503 doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1395-3.
3. Heinrich KM, Spencer V, Fehl N, Carlos Poston WS. Mission es- 23. De Andrade Nogueira FC, De Freitas VH, Miloski B, et al. Rela-
sential fitness: comparison of functional circuit training to tradi- tionship between training volume and ratings of perceived exer-
tional Army physical training for active duty military. Mil Med. tion in swimmers. Percept Mot Skills. 2016;122(1):319-335. doi:
2012;177(10):1125–1130. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00143 10.1177/0031512516629272.
4. Jaenen S. Optimizing operational physical fitness. NATO, Re- 24. Carvalho DD, Soares S, Zacca R, et al. Anaerobic threshold bio-
search and Technology Organization. Published January 2009. physical characterisation of the four swimming techniques. Int J
Accessed April 11, 2020. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document Sports Med. 2020;41(05):318–327. doi:10.1055/a-0975-9532
?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=d2e961da143f9accd1f37224 25. Costa MJ, Bragada JA, Marinho DA, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM.
f033c72263b13570 Longitudinal interventions in elite swimming: a systematic re-
5. Santtila M, Pihlainen K, Viskari J, Kyröläinen H. Optimal phys- view based on energetics, biomechanics, and performance. J
ical training during military basic training period. J Strength Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(7):2006–2016. doi:10.1519/JSC.
Cond Res. 2015;29(Supplement 11):S154–S157. doi:10.1519/JSC. 0b013e318257807f
0000000000001035 26. Crowley E, Harrison AJ, Lyons M. The impact of resistance train-
6. Faghy MA, Brown PI. Functional training of the inspiratory mus- ing on swimming performance: a systematic review. Sports Med.
cles improves load carriage performance. Ergonomics. 2019;62 2017;47(11):2285–2307. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0730-2
(11):1439–1449. doi:10.1080/00140139.2019.1652352 27. Beethe AZ, Nagle EF, Lovalekar M, Nagai T, Nindl BC, Connaboy
7. Knapik JJ, Rieger W, Palkoska F, Camp SV, Darakjy S. United C. Improvement of flutter-kick performance in novice surface
States Army physical readiness training: rationale and evaluation combat swimmers with increased hip strength. Int J Sports Physiol
of the physical training doctrine. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23 Perform. 2018;13(10):1392–1399. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0112
(4):1353–1362. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318194df72 28. Jacobs I, Prusaczyk WK, Goforth Jr HW. Adaptations to three
8. Walker TB, Lennemann LM, Anderson V, Lyons W, Zupan MF. weeks of aerobic/anaerobic training in West Coast US Navy Sea-
Adaptations to a new physical training program in the combat Air-Land Personnel (SEALs). Naval Health Research Center;
controller training pipeline. J Spec Oper Med. 2011;11(2):37–44. 1994.
doi:https://doi.org/10.55460/xyke-p4n6 29. Nibbeling N, Oudejans RRD, Ubink EM, Daanen HAM. The
9. Prusaczyk WK, Stuster JW, Goforth Jr HW, Smith TS, Meyer L. effects of anxiety and exercise-induced fatigue on shooting accu-
Physical demands of US Navy Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) Operations. racy and cognitive performance in infantry soldiers. Ergonomics.
Naval Health Research Center. Published 1995. Accessed Febru- 2014;57(9):1366–1379. doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.924572
ary 2, 2015. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA304895.pdf
10. Prusaczyk WK, Goforth HW, Nelson ML. Physical training activi- PMID: 39639444; DOI: 10.55460/P4MH-L841
ties of East Coast US Navy SEALs. Naval Health Research Center.
Published 1994. Accessed February 4, 2016. https://apps.dtic.mil/
sti/tr/pdf/ADA291290.pdf

Training and Combat Swimming Performance | 101