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medical assets to manage multiple-casualty events in a high- 12. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2013: Law enforcement
threat environment. The majority of fatal injuries involved officers killed & assaulted. https://ucr.fbi.gov/leoka/2013/
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tentially affect outcomes. Information regarding the on-scene of law enforcement deaths. http://www.nleomf.org/facts/
medical care, including law enforcement, TEMS, and con- officer-fatalities-data/causes.html. Accessed 25 August 2016.
ventional EMS interventions, is not readily available in cur- 15. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Law enforcement officers
rently accessible data sources. This knowledge gap limits the killed & assaulted. Homepage. https://ucr.fbi.gov/leoka. Ac-
ability to determine optimal medical responses for the care of cessed 25 August 2016.
critically injured officers during tactical operations and other 16. Eastridge BJ, Mabry RL, Seguin P, et al. Death on the battle-
high-threat events. Development of a law enforcement trauma field (2001-2011): implications for the future of combat ca-
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Acknowledgments 18. Roberts APJ, Cole JC. The effects of exercise and body ar-
We acknowledge the work of the Federal Bureau of Investiga- mor on cognitive function in healthy volunteers. Mil Med.
tion Law Enforcement Officers Assaulted and Killed (LEOKA) 2013;178:479–486.
Program, without which this study could not have been per- 19. McArdle DQ, Rasumoff D, Kolman J. Integration of Emer-
formed. We recognize the service of those officers who paid the gency Medical Services and Special Weapons and Tactics
ultimate price in serving their country and their communities. (SWAT) teams: the emergence of the tactically trained medic.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 1992;7:285–288.
20. Jones JS, Reese K, Kenepp G, et al. Into the fray: integration
Disclosures of Emergency Medical Services and Special Weapons and Tac-
The authors have nothing to disclose. tics (SWAT) teams. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1996;11:202–206.
21. Rinnert KJ, Hall WL II. Tactical Emergency Medical Support.
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