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4. Kragh JF Jr, Beebe DF, O’Neill ML, et al. Performance im- 18. Lustiger A, Corneliussen RD. The role of crazes in the crack
provement in emergency tourniquet use during the Baghdad growth of polyethylene. J Mater Sci. 1987;22:2470–2476.
surge. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:873–875. 19. Homefacts. San Antonio, TX air quality information. http://
5. Kragh JF Jr, Wade CE, Baer DG, et al. Fasciotomy rates in www.homefacts.com/airquality/Texas/Bexar-County/San
Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: asso- -Antonio.html. Accessed 30 December 2015.
ciation with injury severity and tourniquet use. J Orthop 20. Graphiq. Air quality in San Antonio, Texas. http://air-quality
Trauma. 2011;25:134–139. -by-city.findthedata.com/l/500/San-Antonio-TX. Accessed 6
6. Kragh JF Jr, Dubick MA, Aden JK, et al. U.S. military use of August 2015.
tourniquets from 2001 to 2010. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015; 21. Druzik JR. Ozone: the intractable problem. Western Associa-
19:184–190. tion for Art Conservation Newsletter. 1985;7:3–9. http://cool
7. Childers R, Tolentino JC, Leasiolagi J, et al. Tourniquets ex- .conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn07/wn07-3/wn07-302.html.
posed to the Afghanistan combat environment have decreased Accessed 30 December 2015.
efficacy and increased breakage compared to unexposed tour- 22. Huang CP, Lavenburg G. Impacts of bird droppings and deicing
niquets. Mil Med. 2011;176:1400–1403. salts on highway structures: monitoring, diagnosis, prevention.
8. Kragh JF Jr, O’Neill ML, Walters TJ, et al. The Military Delaware Center for Transportation. December 2011. http://
Emergency Tourniquet Program’s lessons learned with devices sites.udel.edu/dct/files/2013/10/Rpt-221-Bird-Dropping
and designs. Mil Med. 2011;176:1144–1152. -Impacts-Huang-DCTR422185-xk4gdv.pdf. Accessed 28 March
9. Weppner J, Lang M, Sunday R, et al. Efficacy of tourniquets 2016.
exposed to the Afghanistan combat environment stored in in-
dividual first aid kits versus on the exterior of plate carriers.
Mil Med. 2013;178:334–337.
10. Davinson JP, Kragh JF Jr, Aden JK 3rd, et al. Laboratory test-
ing of emergency tourniquets exposed to prolonged heat. J Cadet O’Conor is an undergraduate student at the US Mili-
Spec Oper Med. 2015;15(1):34–38. tary Academy at West Point, New York. He worked briefly at
11. Clumpner BR, Polston RW, Kragh JF Jr, et al. Single versus US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR) and is apply-
double routing of the band in the Combat Application Tour- ing to medical school.
niquet. J Spec Oper Med. 2013;13(1):34–41.
12. Polston RW, Clumpner BR, Kragh JF Jr, et al. No slackers in Dr Kragh is a researcher of bleeding control at the USAISR
tourniquet use to stop bleeding. J Spec Oper Med. 2013;13 and associate professor, Department of Surgery, Uniformed
(2):12–19. Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
13. Altamirano MP, Kragh JF Jr, Aden JK, et al. Role of the wind- He is an orthopedic surgeon who was the 3d Ranger Battal-
lass in improvised tourniquet use on a manikin hemorrhage ion Surgeon from 1990 to 1993. He can be contacted by mail:
model. J Spec Oper Med. 2015;15(2):42–46.
14. Wanasekara ND, Chalivendra, V, Calvert P. Effect of accel- 3698 Chambers Pass, Joint Base San Antonio Fort Sam Hous-
erated ultraviolet and thermal exposure on nanoscale me- ton, TX 78234-7767; or e-mail: john.f.kragh.civ@mail.mil.
chanical properties of nylon fibers. Polym Eng Sci. 2012;52:
2482–2488. Dr Aden is a statistician at the USAISR. He has published
15. Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center. Environmen- many papers in operational medicine.
tal effects of ozone depletion: 1998 assessment. http://sedac
.ciesin.columbia.edu/ozone/docs/UNEP98/UNEP98p62.html. Dr Dubick is a resuscitation researcher at the USAISR. He is
Accessed 27 January 2017. the task area manager of the Department of Damage Control
16. Torikai A, Mitsuoka T Fueki K. Wavelength sensitivity of the Resuscitation. He has published many papers in operational
photoinduced reaction in polycarbonate. Polym Chem. 1993; medicine.
31:2785–2788.
17. Sousa AR, Amorim KLE, Medeiros ES, et al. The combined
effect of photodegradation and stress cracking in polystyrene.
Polym Degrad Stab. 2006;91:1504–1512.

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