Page 60 - Journal of Special Operations Medicine - Summer 2016

Table 1 Acceptability and Validity of Live Tissue, Simulator, and Cadaver Models for Teaching and Assessing Six Core
Trauma Procedures
Model Type (Articles, No.)*
Category Procedure Live Tissue Simulator Cadaver
Prox ext hemorrhage ctl Yes (1) C N/A N/A
Tourniquet Yes (1) C N/A N/A
Needle thoracostomy Yes (1) C Yes (1) S Yes (1)
Acceptability Tube thoracostomy Yes (2) C, P Yes (2) T, A Yes (1), No (1) – acceptable
aside from being cost
prohibitive
Endotracheal intubation N/A Yes (2) L, TC N/A
Cricothyrotomy Yes (2) C, P Yes (1) T N/A
Prox ext hemorrhage ctl Yes (1) C N/A N/A
Tourniquet Yes (1) C N/A N/A
Validity: Needle thoracostomy Yes (1) C Yes (2) S, U Yes (1)
face Tube thoracostomy Yes (2) C, P Yes (5) T(3), A, U Yes (1)
Endotracheal intubation N/A Yes (3) L(2), TC Yes (1)
Cricothyrotomy Yes (2) C, P Yes (1) T Yes (1)
Prox ext hemorrhage ctl N/A N/A N/A †
Tourniquet N/A N/A N/A †
Needle thoracostomy N/A No (1) – chest-wall thickness in Implicit to model †
simulators L, M
(1.0–1.5 cm) is different than
in humans
(1.3–9.3cm)
Tube thoracostomy N/A N/A Implicit to model †
Validity:
L
content Endotracheal intubation N/A Yes (1) ; No (2) L, MET, G, AMT, Implicit to model †
LS – SimBaby and various adult
mannequins did not have
similar airway measurements
to actual patients
Cricothyrotomy No (1) No (1) – No hyoid bone, Implicit to model ;
†
T
Failed procedure rate: 30% likely resulted in thyrohyoid Yes (1) – Hall used
23
on canine model & 4% on misplacement in cadaver model cadaver as testing model
cadaver after educational on subsequent testing for simulator versus animal
session training
Prox ext hemorrhage ctl Yes (1) for SF medics, N/A N/A
No (1) for 68Ws C
Tourniquet Yes (1) for SF medics, N/A N/A
No (1) for 68Ws C
Validity: Needle thoracostomy Yes (1) for SF medics, N/A N/A
C
construct No (1) for 68Ws
(convergent) Tube thoracostomy Yes (1) for SF medics, Yes (1) A Yes (1)
No (1) for 68Ws C
Endotracheal intubation N/A N/A N/A
Cricothyrotomy Yes (1) for SF medics, N/A Yes (1)
No (1) for 68Ws C
Prox ext hemorrhage ctl Yes (1) C N/A N/A
Tourniquet Questionable (1) C N/A N/A
Validity:
construct Needle thoracostomy Yes (1) C N/A N/A
(divergent/ Tube thoracostomy Yes (1) C Yes (1) A N/A
discriminant)
Endotracheal intubation N/A N/A N/A
Cricothyrotomy Yes (1) C N/A Yes (1)
(continues)

46 Journal of Special Operations Medicine Volume 16, Edition 2/Summer 2016