Page 15 - JSOM Spring 2026

TABLE 1 Devices Tested
Product Reported
name weight, g Reported dimensions, cm Warming capabilities Power source Product image
QinFlow – 800 8.38L×8.78W×11.5H Up to 1,300mL of • Battery
Warrior Lite cold-stored blood or • Optional additional battery:
blood components, “Extra Power Battery”
2,500mL of room
temperature fluids

Thermal • Battery: 567 • Battery: 500–1,500mL of Battery
Angel • Warmer: 256 16.3L×8.13W×4.32H cold-stored blood
• Warmer: products
22.9L×7.11W×2.41H

M Warmer 760 10L×2W×5H 2,000mL of • Battery
cold fluid • Optional additional
batteries: “Power Pack”,
“Power Pack Plus”
• Optional AC wall power
supply: “M Station”

NAR 624 11.4L×8.25W×3.17H 2,000mL of Battery
Quantum cold blood

Buddy Lite 726 • Battery: 4,400mL • Battery
8.4L×19.1W×3.1H • Optional vehicle charger
• Heating unit: • Optional AC/DC power
3.8L×13.2W×2.2H source
• Power supply:
16.2L×9.5W×5.7H

again attaining the highest ratings (LR=2.00 [IQR 1.00– and “easiest to fit in bag, quickest assembly.” Similarly, re-
2.00]), significantly higher than the Buddy Lite (LR=0.00 sponses for NAR Quantum highlighted its “packability” and
[–1.00 to 1.00], P<.0001) and the QinFlow (LR=0.00 [–1.00 overall reliability, noting that its compact design and “plug
to 1.00], P=.0001). All other ratings were nonsignificant com- and play” functionality were critical, even though a few noted
pared to the NAR Quantum (LR=1.00 [IQR –1.00 to 2.00], concerns such as the reliance on disposable tubing. Another
P=.1785), and the Thermal Angel (LR=1.00 [IQR –1.00 to theme that emerged was ease of use; respondents consistently
2.00], P=.1399). described devices that were “quick,” “straightforward,” and
“easy to teach” as being highly desirable, highlighting the
Thematic analysis of qualitative responses identified several importance of intuitive operation and gear minimization in
important characteristics. A predominant theme identified in high-pressure environments. Additionally, tactical utility was
the free responses was the importance of portability and com- noted as an important consideration, with some respondents
pactness. Many respondents commented that devices which contrasting the devices by stating that certain models (e.g.,
were “small,” “lightweight,” or “easy to pack in a med bag” NAR Quantum) offered specific advantages, such as reduced
were advantageous for use in the austere setting. For example, interference with access sites and enhanced durability under
comments associated with the M Warmer frequently empha- rugged conditions. Although commentary for QinFlow and
sized its ease of setup and efficient use of space, with phrases Thermal Angel was sparse, the available data indicated that
such as “small, works well with the tubing we already have” these devices were less frequently discussed and appeared to

Blood Warming Devices: Performance Traits | 13