Page 17 - JSOM Spring 2026

MAT analyzed interviews and data. SW and MAT wrote the 10. Lehavi A, Yitzhak A, Jarassy R, Heizler R, Katz YS, Raz A. Com-
first draft of this paper. CT, EK, and ES served as medical ex- parison of the performance of battery-operated fluid warmers.
perts during the data analysis process. All authors read and Emerg Med J. 2018;35(9):564–570. doi:10.1136/emermed-2017-
approved the final manuscript. 207112
11. Weatherall A, Gill M, Milligan J, et al. Comparison of portable
blood-warming devices under simulated pre-hospital conditions:
Disclaimer a randomized in-vitro blood circuit study. Anaesthesia. 2019;74
Naval Medical Center Portsmouth approved this publication (8);1026–1032. doi:10.1111/anae.14680
for universal distribution. The Naval Medical Center Ports- 12. Blakeman T, Fowler J, Branson R, Petro M, Rodriquez D. Perfor-
mouth’s Institutional Review Board approved this study. The mance characteristics of fluid warming technology in austere en-
information, content, and conclusions do not necessarily rep- vironments. J Spec Oper Med. 2021;21(1):18–24. doi:10.55460/
0C2R-LNPH
resent the official position or policy of Naval Medical Center 13. Martin SM, Fisher AD, Meledeo MA, et al. More sophisticated than
Portsmouth. a drink cooler or an old sphygmomanometer but still not adequate
for prehospital blood: a market review of commercially available
The views expressed in this presentation reflect the results of re- equipment for prehospital blood transport and administration.
search conducted by the authors and do not necessarily reflect Transfusion. 2021;61(S1):S286–S293. doi:10.1111/trf.16461
the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, 14. Rescue, N. A. (2025). Quantum Blood & Fluid Warming System.
North American Rescue. [Manufacturer data sheet].
Department of Defense, or the United States Government. LT 15. Dubick MA, Brooks DE, Macaitis JM, Bice TG, Moreau AR,
Williams, HMCS Papalski, LT Tovar, LCDR Treager, CDR Holcomb JB. Evaluation of commercially available fluid- warming
Koch, and LCDR Sulava are military members. This work was devices for use in forward surgical and combat areas. Mil Med.
prepared as part of their official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. 105 pro- 2005;170(1):76–82. doi:10.7205/milmed.170.1.76
vides that “Copyright protection under this title is not available 16. Kitchen L, Tilley L, Bennett B, et al. “Clinical Practice Guide-
for any work of the United States Government.” Title 17 U.S.C. lines for Hypothermia: Prevention and Treatment.” Joint Trauma
101 defines a United States Government work as a work pre- System. Published June 07, 2023. Accessed January 22, 2026.
https://jts.health.mil/assets/docs/cpgs/Hypothermia_Prevention_
pared by a military service member or employee of the United Treatment_07_Jun_2023_ID23.pdf
States Government as part of that person’s official duties.
PMID: 41861467;
Disclosures DOI: 10.55460/J.Spec.Oper.Med.2026.Z5DF-QPQB
The authors have nothing to disclose.

Funding
This work was supported by funding from RDT&E 6.6 fund-
ing in support of Clinical Infrastructure, Naval Medical Cen-
ter Portsmouth and by the CIP1 Funds from the Navy Surgeon
General Grant.

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