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compounds, suggesting either intentional neuroweapon use or   5.  Schmidt T.  The missing domain of war:  Achieving cognitive
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              unintentional chemical exposure.  Without a clear diagnosis,   overmatch on tomorrow’s battlefield. Modern  War Institute.
              no specific therapy could be administered. The victims are cur-  Accessed November 9, 2023. https://mwi.westpoint.edu/missing-
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              rently undergoing follow-up evaluation and neurocognitive   6.  Canham M, Sawyer BD. Neurosecurity. Amer Intel J, 2019;36:
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                                                                 7.  Dyer O.  Microwave weapon caused syndrome in diplomats in
              In addition to pulsed radiofrequencies and microwaves, elec-  Cuba, US medical team believes. BMJ. 2018;362:k3848.
              tromagnetic gradients and magnetism have been shown to in-  8.  Baloh RW, Bartholomew RE. Havana syndrome: mass psycho-
              duce currents in conductive tissue and result in peripheral nerve   genic illness and the real story behind the embassy mystery and
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              activation that can be experienced as muscle twitches.  Ex-  hysteria. Springer Nature; 2020:18–125.
              posure to strong electric fields has been found to produce im-  9.  Golomb BA. Diplomats’ mystery illness and pulsed radiofrequency/
                                                                    microwave radiation. Neural Comput. 2018;30:2882–2985.
              mobilization or stimulation of pain receptors directly without   10.  Nelson, R. Havana syndrome might be the result of energy pulses.
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              thermal effects.  These properties of electromagnetic radiation   Lancet. 2020;396(10267)1954.
              are currently being investigated for military applications. Re-  11.  Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Updated Assess-
              search into pulsed energy projectile technology has produced   ment of Anomalous Health Incidents. Accessed 30 March 2023.
              plasma at the target surface using lasers. This plasma can be   https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Up
                                                                    dated_Assessment_of_Anomalous_Health_Incidents.pdf.
              heated with subsequent laser pulses to form a shockwave or to   12.  Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Executive Sum-
              produce local electromagnetic effects of sufficient strength to   mary of the IC Experts Panel on Anomalous Health Incidents.
              affect the target nervous system with the aim of immobilizing   Accessed March 30, 2023.  https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/
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              or incapacitating the target.  As technology advances and the   documents/assessments/2022_02_01_AHI_Executive_Summary_
              understanding of the interactions between the nervous system   FINAL_Redacted.pdf.
              and  nonionizing  radiation  becomes  more  mature,  it  is  likely   13.  Lin JC. Sonic health  attacks by pulsed microwaves in Havana
              that directed energy neuroweapons will become common.   revisited. IEEE Microwave Magazine. March 2021:71–73.
                                                                 14.  Lin JC. Weaponizing the microwave auditory effect and the Ha-
                                                                    vana Syndrome. URSI Radio Sci Bull. 2021;36–38.
              Conclusion                                         15.  Martínez JA.  The “Moscow signal” epidemiological study, 40
                                                                    years on. Rev Environ Health. 2019;34:13–24.
              All complex systems are susceptible to attack. The central ner-  16.  DeFranco J, DiEuliis D, Giordano J. Redefining neuroweapons.
              vous system is a complex structure composed of multiple sub-  Prism. 2019;8:48–63.
              structures. It integrates information from throughout the body   17.  Ota F. Sun Tzu in contemporary Chinese strategy. JFQ. 2014;73:
                                                                    76–80.
              and formulates the appropriate behavioral and physiological   18.  Byrne RW, Bates LA. Sociality, evolution, and cognition.  Curr
              responses that are necessary to enable the survival of the or-  Biol. 2007;17:R714–23.
              ganism and allow the emergence of cognition. This system is   19.  Libersat F, Gal R.  What can parasitoid wasps teach us about
              responsible for the mental abilities that define the genus Homo     decision-making in insects? J Exp Biol. 2013;216(Pt 1):47–55.
              and separates them from the non-human primates. The infor-  20.  Menninger KA. Psychoses associated with influenza: I. General
              mation  processing  power,  mental  model  development,  and   data: statistical analysis. JAMA. 1919;72:235–41.
              decision-making ability of the human central nervous system   21.  Yeager A. Can the flu and other viruses cause neurodegeneration.
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              ing peer and non-peer adversaries. Malevolent applications of   -cause-neurodegeneration--65498.
              neuroscience in the form of biological neuroweapons, chem-  22.  Ptacek R, Ptackova H, Martin A, Stefano GB. Psychiatric manifes-
              ical neuroweapons, or directed energy attacks are becoming   tations of COVID-19 and their social significance. Med Sci Monit.
              likely as the systems-level understanding of the nervous system   2020;26:e930340.
              matures. It is essential that military medical personnel monitor   23.  Soung AL, Vanderheiden A, Nordvig AS, et al. COVID-19 induces
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              these developments and remain up to date on the advances   Brain. 2022;145:4193–4201.
              in neurotechnology and how they may impact the health of   24.  Dubey JP. The history of Toxoplasma gondi—the first 100 years.
              military personnel. This is especially true for Special Opera-  J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2008;55:467–475.
              tions medical personnel who deploy frequently and may be   25.  Lanchava L, Carlson K, Šebánková B, et al. No evidence of asso-
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              cated neurotechnology. It is therefore recommended that mil-  taking in females. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0136716.
              itary medical personnel be made aware of the potential for   26.  Lockwood AH. Chemical and biological weapons. JAMA. 1991;
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              take. This will make them better prepared to recognize and re-  agnosis, clinical and laboratory identification, and treatment mo-
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                                                                    neurotoxins. Toxicon. 2009;54:593–599.
                                                                 29.  Chatham-Stephens K, Fleck-Derderian S, et al. Clinical features
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