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or bioengineered tissues, which would reduce the number of 8. American Red Cross. American Red Cross faces severe blood
animals needed for such studies. Furthermore, with a greater shortage as coronavirus outbreak threatens availability of na-
ability to rapidly prototype, blood substitutes could offer an tion’s supply. 17 Mar 2020. https://www.redcross.org/about-us/
obtainable and comparatively inexpensive blood model to news-and-events/press-release/2020/american-red-cross-faces-
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serve as a proof of concept. Circulatory system models that availability-of-nations-supply.html. Accessed 19 December 2022.
verify artificial blood rheology could even facilitate moving 9. Association of the United States Army. Military seeks blood
blood products to human trials, potentially reducing the phar- donors to combat shortage. 1 Feb 2021. https://www.ausa.org/
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10. Shander A, Goobie SM, Warner MA, et al. Essential role of pa-
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Engineered blood products represent a unique research and 11. Johns Hopkins Medicine. ‘Shelf life’ of blood? Shorter than we
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Author Contributions 13. Chand NK, Subramanya HB, Rao GV. Management of patients who
VRM wrote the majority of the manuscript. JRH provided refuse blood transfusion. Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(5):658–664.
a comprehensive final review and submitted the manuscript. 14. Lanevschi A, Wardrop KJ. Principles of transfusion medicine in
MKD created Tables 1, 2, and 4, helped to create Table 3, and small animals. Can Vet J. 2001;42(6):447–454.
edited the manuscript in response to the first set of suggested 15. Raval JS, Griggs JR, Fleg A. Blood product transfusion in adults:
indications, adverse reactions, and modifications. Am Fam Physi-
of revisions as well as final revisions of accepted manuscript. cian. 2020;102(1):30–38.
HC helped create Table 3 and wrote verbiage about it. DP 16. Haldar R, Gupta D, Chitranshi S, Singh MK, Sachan S. Artificial
provided references and draft organization. SLB provided a blood: a futuristic dimension of modern day transfusion sciences.
comprehensive review in response to suggested revisions. JB Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2019;17(1):11–16.
conceived of the review idea and revised drafts for content. 17. Kim HW, Greenburg AG. Toward 21st century blood compo-
All authors reviewed and approved the final draft manuscript. nent replacement therapeutics: artificial oxygen carriers, platelet
substitutes, recombinant clotting factors, and others. Artif Cells
Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 2006;34(6):537–550.
Financial Disclosures 18. Simoni J, Simoni G, Moeller JF, Feola M, Wesson DE. Artificial ox-
All authors indicate that they have no financial relationships ygen carrier with pharmacologic actions of adenosine-5'-triphos-
tied to this article to disclose. phate, adenosine, and reduced glutathione formulated to treat an
array of medical conditions. Artif Organs. 2014;38(8):684–690.
Funding 19. Olofsson CI, Górecki AZ, Dirksen R, et al. Evaluation of MP4OX
The authors have no funding to disclose. for prevention of perioperative hypotension in patients undergo-
ing primary hip arthroplasty with spinal anesthesia: a random-
ized, double-blind, multicenter study. Anesthesiology. 2011;114
Acknowledgments (5):1048–1063.
The authors thank Dr Kristin Heitman and Mrs Megan Hersh- 20. Gianatiempo C. Principal investigator. Expanded Access Study of
field for their critical review of the manuscript and Mrs Manja HBOC-201 (Hemopure) for the Treatment of Life-Threatening
Yirka of the United States Military Academy library for assis- Anemia. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01881503. Accessed
19 December 2022.
tance with references. 21. Waters JH. Pricipal Investigator. Expanded Access IND Administra-
tion of HBOC-201 in Patients With Severe Acute Anemia. https://
Disclaimer clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03633604?term=NCT03633604
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not x&draw=2&rank=1. Accessed 19 December 2022.
reflect the position of the United States Military Academy, the 22. Guinn NR, Resar LMS, Frank SM. Perioperative management of
Department of the Army, or the Department of Defense. patients for whom transfusion is not an option. Anesthesiology.
2021;134(6):939–948.
23. Jahr JS, Moallempour M, Lim JC. HBOC-201, hemoglobin glu-
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68 | JSOM Volume 22, Edition 3 / Fall 2023