Page 23 - JSOM Summer 2025

Interv MICCAI Int Conf Med Image Comput Comput- Assist In- best and worst shots. J Sports Sci. 2001;19(9):727–733. doi:
terv. 2007;10(Pt 2):270–277. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75759-7_33 10.1080/02640410152475856
40. Leff DR, Elwell CE, Orihuela-Espina F, et al. Changes in prefron- 49. Kerick SE, Douglass LW, Hatfield BD. Cerebral cortical adapta-
tal cortical behaviour depend upon familiarity on a bimanual co- tions associated with visuomotor practice. Med Sci Sports Exerc.
ordination task: an fNIRS study. NeuroImage. 2008;39(2):805– 2004;36(1):118–129. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000106176.31784.
813. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.032 D4
41. Walia P, Fu Y, Schwaitzberg SD, et al. Portable neuroimaging 50. Zhang J, Shi Y, Wang C, et al. Preshooting electroencephalographic
differentiates novices from those with experience for the funda- activity of professional shooters in a competitive state. Comput In-
mentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) suturing with intracor- tell Neurosci. 2021;2021:6639865. doi:10.1155/2021/6639865
poreal knot tying task. Surg Endosc. 2023;37(7):5576–5582. 51. Haufler AJ, Spalding TW, Santa Maria DL, Hatfield BD. Neu-
doi:10.1007/s00464-022-09727-4 ro-cognitive activity during a self-paced visuospatial task: compar-
42. Causse M, Chua ZK, Rémy F. Influences of age, mental workload, ative EEG profiles in marksmen and novice shooters. Biol Psychol.
and flight experience on cognitive performance and prefrontal ac- 2000;53(1):131–160. doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00047-8
˘
tivity in private pilots: a fNIRS study. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7688. 52. Shirzadi S, Dadgostar M, Einalou Z, Erdogan SB, Akin A. Sex
doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44082-w based differences in functional connectivity during a working
43. Mark JA, Kraft AE, Ziegler MD, Ayaz H. Neuroadaptive train- memory task: an fNIRS study. Front Psychol. 2024;15:1207202.
ing via fNIRS in flight simulators. Front Neuroergonomics. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1207202
2022;3:820523. doi:10.3389/fnrgo.2022.820523 53. Yang H, Wang Y, Zhou Z, et al. Sex differences in prefrontal he-
44. Saikia MJ. K-means clustering machine learning approach reveals modynamic response to mental arithmetic as assessed by near-
groups of homogeneous individuals with unique brain activa- infrared spectroscopy. Gend Med. 2009;6(4):565–574. doi:10.
tion, task, and performance dynamics using fNIRS. IEEE Trans 1016/j.genm.2009.11.003
Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2023;31:2535-2544. doi:10.1109/ 54. Zhao W, Hui M, Zhang X, Li L. The relationship between
TNSRE.2023.3278268 motor coordination and imitation: an fNIRS study. Brain Sci.
45. Luke R, Shader MJ, Gramfort A, Larson E, Lee AK, McAlpine D. 2021;11(8):1052. doi:10.3390/brainsci11081052
Oxygenated hemoglobin signal provides greater predictive perfor- 55. Stergiou M, Robles-Pérez JJ, Rey-Mota J, Tornero-Aguilera JF,
mance of experimental condition than de-oxygenated. bioRxiv. Pre- Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological responses in soldiers
print posted November 20, 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.11.19.469225 during close combat: implications for occupational health and
46. Culver JP, Siegel AM, Franceschini MA, Mandeville JB, Boas fitness in tactical populations. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;12(1):82.
DA. Evidence that cerebral blood volume can provide brain ac- doi:10.3390/healthcare12010082
tivation maps with better spatial resolution than deoxygenated 56. Tan L, Deady M, Mead O, et al. Web-based mind-body tactical
hemoglobin. NeuroImage. 2005;27(4):947–959. doi:10.1016/j. resilience training program for first responders: pre-post study
neuroimage.2005.05.052 assessing feasibility, acceptability, and usability. JMIR Form Res.
47. Martins LCX, Russo MT, Ribeiro P. Neural correlates of shoot- 2023;7(1):e40145. doi:10.2196/40145
ing sports performance: a systematic review on neural efficiency 57. Ibrahim F, Schumacher J, Schwandt L, Herzberg PY. The first
hypothesis. Rev Educ Física J Phys Educ. 2022;91(4):350–374. shot counts the most: tactical breathing as an intervention to in-
doi:10.37310/ref.v91i4.2915 crease marksmanship accuracy in student officers. Mil Psychol.
48. Loze GM, Collins D, Holmes PS. Pre-shot EEG alpha-power 2024;36(6):689–700. doi:10.1080/08995605.2023.2258737
reactivity during expert air-pistol shooting: a comparison of
PMID: 40411779; DOI: 10.55460/4RIR-IM31

APPENDIX A

TABLE VI Practice engagements 1 through 9, Standing, Baseline
Engagement Target type Range, m Exposure time, s
1 E-type 7 right 5
2 E-type 12.5 5
3 E-type 23 5
4 E-type 31 5
5 E-type 10 5
6 E-type 16.5 5
7 E-type 27 5
8 E-type 7 right 5
9 E-type 10 8
E-type 12.5
Note: There is a 2-second delay between all target engagements throughout this table. At the end
of engagement 9, A 10-second delay is integrated for a magazine change.

fNIRS-differentiated Marksmanship Performance | 21