Page 52 - JSOM Summer 2024
P. 52
18. Zhu W, Ding Y, Kong W, Li T, Chen H. Docosahexaenoic 36. Zhuang P, Wang W, Wang J, Zhang Y, Jiao J. Polyunsaturated fatty
acid (DHA) provides neuroprotection in traumatic brain in- acids intake, omega-6/omega-3 ratio and mortality: findings from
jury models via activating Nrf2-ARE signaling. Inflammation. two independent nationwide cohorts. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(2):848–
2018;41(4):1182–1193. doi:10.1007/s10753-018-0765-z 855. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.02.019
19. Begum G, Yan HQ, Li L, Singh A, Dixon CE, Sun D. Docosa- 37. Howell DR, Kirkwood MW, Laker S, Wilson JC. Collision and
hexaenoic acid reduces ER stress and abnormal protein accu- contact sport participation and quality of life among adolescent
mulation and improves neuronal function following traumatic athletes. J Athl Train. 2020;55(11):1174–1180. doi:10.4085/
brain injury. J Neurosci. 2014;34(10):3743–3755. doi:10.1523/ 1062-6050-0536.19
JNEUROSCI.2872-13.2014 38. Meyers L, Gamst G, Guarino A. Applied multivariate research.
20. Huang WL, King VR, Curran OE, et al. A combination of intra- 2nd ed. SAGE; 2017.
venous and dietary docosahexaenoic acid significantly improves 39. IBM. IBM Support: Clustering binary data with K-Means (should
outcome after spinal cord injury. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 11):3004– be avoided). Updated 16 April 2020. Accessed December 17, 2022.
3019. doi:10.1093/brain/awm223 https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/clustering-binary-data-
21. Liu ZH, Chen NY, Tu PH, et al. DHA Attenuates cerebral edema k-means-should-be-avoided
following traumatic brain injury via the reduction in blood- 40. Naureen Z, Dhuli K, Medori MC, et al. Dietary supplements in
brain barrier permeability. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6291. doi: neurological diseases and brain aging. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022;63
10.3390/ijms21176291 (2 Suppl 3):E174–E188. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.
22. Pu H, Jiang X, Wei Z, et al. Repetitive and prolonged omega-3 2S3.2759
fatty acid treatment after traumatic brain injury enhances long- 41. Wood AHR, Chappell HF, Zulyniak MA. Dietary and supple-
term tissue restoration and cognitive recovery. Cell Transplant. mental long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as moderators of cognitive
2017;26(4):555–569. doi:10.3727/096368916X693842 impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(2):589–
23. Zhu W, Chi N, Zou P, Chen H, Tang G, Zhao W. Effect of docosa- 604. doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02655-4
hexaenoic acid on traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Ther Med. 42. Patrick RP. Role of phosphatidylcholine-DHA in preventing
2017;14(5):4411–4416. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.5054 APOE4-associated Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J. 2019;33(2):
24. Lust CAC, Mountjoy M, Robinson LE, Oliver JM, Ma DWL. 1554–1564. doi:10.1096/fj.201801412R
Sports-related concussions and subconcussive impacts in athletes: 43. Hanson JA, Lin Y-H, Dretsch MN, Strandjord SE, Haub MD,
incidence, diagnosis, and the emerging role of EPA and DHA. Hibbeln JR. Whole food, functional food, and supplement
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45(8):886–892. doi:10.1139/ sources of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-3 HUFA scores among
apnm-2019-0555 U.S. soldiers. J Functional Foods. 2016;23:167–176.
25. Higdon J, Drake VJ, Angelo G, Delage B, Jump DB. Essential fatty 44. Sergeant S, Hugenschmidt CE, Rudock ME, et al. Differences in
acids. Oregon State University. Reviewed June 2019. Accessed arachidonic acid levels and fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene
May, 6, 2023. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/ variants in African Americans and European Americans with di-
essential-fatty-acids abetes or the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(4):547–
26. Armstrong A, Anzalone AJ, Pethick W, et al. An evaluation of 555. doi:10.1017/S0007114511003230
omega-3 status and intake in Canadian elite rugby 7s players. 45. Tanaka T, Shen J, Abecasis GR, et al. Genome-wide association
Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3777. doi:10.3390/nu13113777 study of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids in the InCHIANTI
27. Heileson JL, Elliott A, Buzzard JA, et al. A cross-sectional analysis Study. PLoS Genet. 2009;5(1):e1000338. doi:10.1371/journal.
of whole blood long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids pgen.1000338
and its relationship with dietary intake, body composition, and 46. Guo XF, Tong WF, Ruan Y, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Different metabolism
measures of strength and power in collegiate athletes. J Am Nutr of EPA, DPA and DHA in humans: a double-blind cross-over study.
Assoc. 2023;42(1):94–100. doi:10.1080/07315724.2021.1995910 Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2020;158:102033.
28. Heileson JL, McGowen JM, Moris JM, et al. Body composi- 47. Higdon J. Micronutrient information center: essential fatty ac-
tion, eicosapentaenoic acid, and vitamin D are associated with ids. Linus Pauling Institute. Reviewed June 2019. Accessed De-
Army Combat fitness test performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. cember 17, 2022. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/
2022;19(1):349–365. doi:10.1080/15502783.2022.2094717 essential-fatty-acids#essential-fatty-acid-deficiency
29. Peoples GE, Larsen P, Bowes HM, et al. The influence of a basic 48. Guemez-Gamboa A, Nguyen LN, Yang H, et al. Inactivating
military training diet on whole blood fatty acid profile and the mutations in MFSD2A, required for omega-3 fatty acid trans-
omega-3 index of Australian Army recruits. Appl Physiol Nutr port in brain, cause a lethal microcephaly syndrome. Nat Genet.
Metab. 2022;47(2):151–158. doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0459 2015;47(7):809–813. doi:10.1038/ng.3311
30. Stark KD, Van Elswyk ME, Higgins MR, Weatherford CA, 49. Kim S, Fenech MF, Kim PJ. Nutritionally recommended food
Salem N, Jr. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosa- for semi- to strict vegetarian diets based on large-scale nutri-
hexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of ent composition data. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4344. doi:10.1038/
healthy adults. Prog Lipid Res. 2016;63:132–152. doi:10.1016/j. s41598-018-22691-1
plipres.2016.05.001 50. Hanscom M, Loane DJ, Shea-Donohue T. Brain-gut axis dysfunc-
31. Barrett EC, McBurney MI, Ciappio ED. ω-3 fatty acid supplemen- tion in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest.
tation as a potential therapeutic aid for the recovery from mild 2021;131(12):e143777. doi:10.1172/JCI143777
traumatic brain injury/concussion. Adv Nutr. 2014;5(3):268– 51. Celorrio M, Friess SH. Gut-brain axis in traumatic brain injury:
277. doi:10.3945/an.113.005280 impact on neuroinflammation. Neural Regen Res. 2022;17(5):
32. Barringer N, Conkright W. Omega-3 fatty acid ingestion as a TBI 1007–1008. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.324839
prophylactic. J Spec Oper Med. 2012;12(3):5–7. doi:10.55460/ 52. Ferrara M, Bertozzi G, Zanza C, et al. Traumatic brain injury
E1W8-7PLC and gut brain axis: the disruption of an alliance. Rev Recent Clin
33. Harris WS, Del Gobbo L, Tintle NL. The omega-3 index and rela- Trials. 2022;17(4):268–279. doi:10.2174/157488711766622062
tive risk for coronary heart disease mortality: estimation from 10 2143423
cohort studies. Atherosclerosis. 2017;262:51–54. doi:10.1016/j. 53. Sundman MH, Chen NK, Subbian V, Chou YH. The bidirectional
atherosclerosis.2017.05.007 gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic
34. Walker RE, Jackson KH, Tintle NL, et al. Predicting the effects brain injury, inflammation, and disease. Brain Behav Immun.
of supplemental EPA and DHA on the omega-3 index. Am J Clin 2017;66:31–44. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.009
Nutr. 2019;110(4):1034–1040. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz161
35. Rittenhouse M, Sambuughin N, Deuster P. Optimization of PMID: 38830308; DOI: 10.55460/V9MD-53OJ
omega-3 index levels in athletes at the US Naval Academy: per-
sonalized omega-3 fatty acid dosage and molecular genetic ap-
proaches. Nutrients. 2022;14(14):2966. doi:10.3390/nu14142966
50 | JSOM Volume 24, Edition 2 / Summer 2024