Page 168 - JSOM Summer 2022

69. Kissin I, Bright CA, Bradley EL Jr. The effect of ketamine on 90. Emerling AD, Fisher J, Walrath B, Drew B. Rapid ketamine in-
opioid-induced acute tolerance: can it explain reduction of opi- fusion at an analgesic dose resulting in transient hypotension
oid consumption with ketamine-opioid analgesic combinations? and bradycardia in the emergency department. J Spec Oper
Anesth Analg. 2000;91(6):1483–1488. Med. 2020;20(1):31–33.
70. Kugler NW, Carver TW, Juul J, et al. Ketamine infusion for 91. Simon E. Ketamine: Safe until it’s not – a terrifying trip to the
pain control in elderly patients with multiple rib fractures: re- K-hole. J Emerg Med. 2019;57(4):587–588.
sults of a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 92. Ahern TL, Herring AA, Anderson ES, et al. The first 500: ini-
2019;87(5):1181–1188. tial experience with widespread use of low-dose ketamine for
71. Liang HS, Liang HG. Minimizing emergence phenomena: sub- acute pain management in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33
dissociative dosage of ketamine in balanced surgical anesthesia. (2):197–201.
Anesth Analg. 1975;54(3):312–316. 93. Sin B, Ternas T, Motov SM. The use of subdissociative-dose ket-
72. Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J. Use and efficacy of low-dose ket- amine for acute pain in the emergency department. Acad Emerg
amine in the management of acute postoperative pain: a review of Med. 2015;22(3):251–257.
current techniques and outcomes. Pain. 1999;82(2):111–125. 94. Gaydos SJ, Kelley AM, Grandizio CM, et al. Comparison of the
73. Green SM, Clark R, Hostetler MA, et al..Inadvertent ketamine effects of ketamine and morphine on performance of representa-
overdose in children: clinical manifestations and outcome. Ann tive military tasks. J Emerg Med. 2015;48(3):313–324.
Emerg Med. 1999;34(4 Pt 1):492–497. 95. Lebin JA, Akhavan AR, Hippe DS, et al. Psychiatric outcomes of
74. Morgan MM, Perina DG, Acquisto NM, et al. Ketamine use in patients with severe agitation following administration of pre-
prehospital and hospital treatment of the acute trauma patient: a hospital ketamine. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(8):889–896.
joint position statement. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020:1–5. 96. Abu-Shahwan I, Chowdary K. Ketamine is effective in decreas-
75. Safavi M, Honarmand A, Khazaei M. The effects of propofol, ing the incidence of emergence agitation in children undergoing
ketamine and combination of them in prevention of coughing and dental repair under sevoflurane general anesthesia. Paediatr An-
laryngospasm in patients awakening from general anesthesia: a aesth. 2007;17(9):846–850.
randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind clinical trial. Adv 97. Surrett G, Franklin J, Wedmore I. Pain control in austere set-
Biomed Res. 2016;5:64. tings. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2015;14(2):117–122.
76. Schauer SG, Naylor JF, Maddry JK, et al. Trends in prehospital 98. Majidinejad S, Esmailian M, Emadi M. Comparison of intrave-
analgesia administration by US Forces from 2007 through 2016. nous ketamine with morphine in pain relief of long bones frac-
Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018:1–6. tures: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Emerg (Tehran).
77. Fisher AD, Schwartz DS, Petersen CD, et al. Ketamine adminis- 2014;2(2):77–80.
tration by Special Operations medical personnel during training 99. Fisher AD, Rippee B, Shehan H, et al. Prehospital analgesia with
mishaps. J Spec Oper Med. 2020;20(3):81–86. ketamine for combat wounds: a case series. J Spec Oper Med.
78. Beaudoin FL, Lin C, Guan W, Merchant RC. Low-dose ketamine 2014;14(4):11–17.
improves pain relief in patients receiving intravenous opioids 100. Perumal DK, Adhimoolam M, Selvaraj N, et al. Midazolam pre-
for acute pain in the emergency department: results of a ran- medication for Ketamine-induced emergence phenomenon: a pro-
domized, double-blind, clinical trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21 spective observational study. J Res Pharm Pract. 2015;4(2):89–93.
(11):1193–1202. 101. Green SM, Roback MG, Krauss B, et al. Predictors of emesis
79. Motov S, Rockoff B, Cohen V, et al. Intravenous subdissocia- and recovery agitation with emergency department ketamine
tive-dose ketamine versus morphine for aanalgesia in the emer- sedation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis of 8,282 chil-
gency department: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg dren. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54(2):171–180.
Med. 2015;66(3):222–229. 102. Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Struys M. Drug selection for am-
80. Mo H, Campbell MJ, Fertel BS, et al. Ketamine safety and use in the bulatory procedural sedation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018;31
Emergency Department for pain and agitation/delirium: a health (6):673–678.
system experience. West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(2):272–281. 103. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Continuum of depth
81. Mahshidfar B, Mofidi M, Fattahi M, et al. Acute pain manage- of sedation: Definition of general anesthesia and levels of se-
ment in emergency department, low dose ketamine versus mor- dation/analgesia. 23 October 2019. https://www.asahq.org/
phine, a randomized clinical trial. Anesth Pain Med. 2017;7(6): standards-and-guidelines/continuum-of-depth-of-sedation-
e60561. definition-of-general-anesthesia-and-levels-of-sedationanalgesia.
82. Lee EN, Lee JH. The effects of low-dose ketamine on acute pain Accessed 3 May 2022.
in an emergency setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 104. Lam T, Nagappa M, Wong J, et al. Continuous pulse oximetry
PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0165461. and capnography monitoring for postoperative respiratory de-
83. Balzer N, McLeod SL, Walsh C, Grewal K. Low-dose ketamine pression and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-anal-
for acute pain control in the emergency department: a system- ysis. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(6):2019–2029.
atic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2021;28(4): 105. Merelman AH, Perlmutter MC, Strayer RJ. Alternatives to rapid
444–454. sequence intubation: contemporary airway management with
84. Benish T, Villalobos D, Love S, et al. The THINK (Treatment ketamine. West J Emerg Med. 2019;20(3):466–471.
of Headache with Intranasal Ketamine) Trial: a randomized 106. L’Hommedieu CS, Arens JJ. The use of ketamine for the emer-
controlled trial comparing intranasal ketamine with intravenous gency intubation of patients with status asthmaticus. Ann Emerg
metoclopramide. J Emerg Med. 2019;56(3):248–257. Med. 1987;16(5):568–571.
85. Borland M, Jacobs I, King B, O’Brien D. A randomized controlled 107. Filanovsky Y, Miller P, Kao J. Myth: Ketamine should not be
trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for used as an induction agent for intubation in patients with head
managing acute pain in children in the emergency department. injury. CJEM. 2010;12(2):154–157.
Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49(3):335–340. 108. Upchurch CP, Grijalva CG, Russ S, et al. Comparison of etomi-
86. Bailey AM, Baum RA, Horn K, et al. Review of intranasally ad- date and ketamine for induction during rapid sequence intubation
ministered medications for use in the emergency department. J of adult trauma patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(1):24–33
Emerg Med. 2017;53(1):38–48. e2.
87. Guldner GT, Petinaux B, Clemens P, et al. Ketamine for proce- 109. Estime SR, Kuza CM. Trauma airway management: induction
dural sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists in the field: agents, rapid versus slower sequence intubations, and special
a review for military health care providers. Mil Med. 2006;171 considerations. Anesthesiol Clin. 2019;37(1):33–50.
(6):484–490. 110. Price B, Arthur AO, Brunko M, et al. Hemodynamic conse-
88. Allen CA, Ivester JR Jr. Ketamine for pain management-side ef- quences of ketamine vs etomidate for endotracheal intubation in
fects & potential adverse events. Pain Manag Nurs. 2017;18(6): the air medical setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31(7):1124–1132.
372–377. 111. Joint Trauma System. Prolonged Casualty Care Guidelines
89. Sigtermans MJ, van Hilten JJ, Bauer MC, et al. Ketamine pro- (CPG ID:91) (DoD). 21 December 2021. https://jts.amedd.army.
duces effective and long-term pain relief in patients with Complex mil/assets/docs/cpgs/Prolonged_Casualty_Care_Guidelines_21_
Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1. Pain. 2009;145(3):304–311. Dec_2021_ID91.pdf. Accessed 3 May 2022.

164 | JSOM Volume 22, Edition 2 / Summer 2022