Page 22 - JSOM Spring 2021

FIGURE 2 Mean (SD) temperatures for all devices on battery power.

NS = normal saline, PRBC = packed red blood cells, NER = non emergent rate, ER = emergent rate, ground level = ambient barometric pressure,
8K = 8,000-ft altitude, 16K = 16,000-ft altitude.

FIGURE 3 Mean (SD) temperatures for the Buddy Liter and Buddy Lite on AC power.

NS = normal saline, AC = alternating current, PRBC = packed red blood cells, NER = nonemergent rate, ER = emergent rate, ground level =
ambient barometric pressure, 8K = 8,000-ft altitude, 16K = 16,000-ft altitude.

Buddy Lite on AC power. The Buddy Lite produced the high- Using battery power at ground level, the M Warmer produced
est mean temperature at the emergent flow using NS and temperatures ≥35°C less than 1% of the time with cold PRBCs
PRBCs. using the nonemergent rate (Figure 2). At 8,000 ft and 16,000
ft, the temperature produced with the device did not reach
Data comparing each of the devices with the change in fluid 35°C. None of the other devices were able to produce this
temperature from before entering the device and after leaving temperature using cold PRBCs at any altitude. The percentage
the warmer at the end of the extension tubing plus the time of time the Buddy Liter, Buddy Lite, and M Warmer reached
the devices took to reach the mean temperature produced by this threshold using NS, nonemergent flow, at ground level
the devices at all conditions are shown in Table 2. The table was 61%, 41%, and 65%, respectively. Temperatures did not
also shows the device pairings that had statistically significant reach the ≥35°C threshold at 8,000 and 16,000 ft. The Ther-
differences. The temperature changes varied widely between mal Angel did not reach this threshold at ground level or any
devices and, to a lesser degree, the time to reach mean tem- altitude. Using NS and PRBCs at the emergent flow, only the
perature. Nearly all the changes in temperature between de- M Warmer had any significant percentage of time at tempera-
vices were statistically significant at the emergent flow using ture ≥35°C. The percentage of time above this threshold was
both NS and PRBCs, as were nearly 50% of the time to reach 96%, 81%, and 80% at ground level, 8,000 ft, and 16,000 ft,
mean temperature at the emergent flow. respectively.

20 | JSOM Volume 21, Edition 1 / Spring 2021