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and to the success of many civilian law enforcement, humani- 2. Heydari M, Hashempur MH, Zargaran A. Medicinal aspects
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how to appropriately recognize and treat opioid toxicity in 3. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Opium. Encyclopedia
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Special thanks and recognition are given to the contribu- vs addiction: a distinction without a difference? Arch Intern
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tee on Trauma, Prehospital Subcommittee and K9 Tactical 7. Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, et al. Increases in drug and
Emergency Casualty Care Working Group: Annie Malouin opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2010–2015.
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dose. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/terms.html.
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DVM, DACVECC; Rita Hanel, DVM, DACVECC, DACVIM; 9. CDC. Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research
and Susan Barnes, DVM. (WONDER). Atlanta, GA: CDC, National Center for Health
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Author Contributions 10. US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Agency. 2015
L.P. and A.G. conceived the topic as well as researched and National drug threat assessment summary. https://www.dea
composed the clinical review. No funding was required. A.G. .gov/docs/2015%20NDTA%20Report.pdf. October 2015.
developed the first draft, L.P. revised the second draft. Both Accessed 3 November 2017.
authors read and approved the final manuscript. 11. Lucyk SN, Nelson LS. Novel synthetic opioids: an opioid epi-
demic within an opioid epidemic. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69
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Disclosure 12. Florence CS, Zhou C, Luo F, et al. The economic burden of
The authors have no financial or other conflicts of interest to prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence in the
disclose. United States, 2013. Med Care. 2016;54(10):901–906.
13. US Drug Enforcement Administration. DEA issues nation-
Recommended Internet Resources wide alert on fentanyl as threat to health and public safety.
US Drug Enforcement Administration. Fentanyl—A Briefing 2015. Available at: http://www.dea.gov/divisions/hq/2015/hq
Guide for First Responders. https://www.dea.gov/druginfo 031815.shtml. Accessed 3 November 2017.
/fentanyl.shtml 14. Armenian P, Vo KT, Barr-Walker J, et al. Fentanyl, fentanyl ana-
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nation Products for First Responders against Exposure heroin or fentanyl, it’s elephant sedatives. 2016. http://news
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US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Dis- 16. US Department of Justice, US Drug Enforcement Adminis-
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