Page 40 - Journal of Special Operations Medicine - Spring 2015
P. 40

15. Holcomb JB, McMullin NR, Pearse L, et al. Causes of death   36. Doyle GS, Taillac PP. Tourniquets: A review of current use
             in U.S. special operations forces in the Global War on Terror­  with proposals for expanded prehospital use. Prehosp Emerg
             ism. Ann Surg. 2007;245:986–991.                   Care. 2008;12:241–256.
          16. Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Westmoreland T, et al. Tragedy into   37. Donovan W, Montgomery HR (eds.). Ranger Medic Hand-
             drama: an American history of tourniquet use in the current   book (4th ed). Winter Haven, FL: Pentagon Publishing, 2012.
             war. J Spec Oper Med. 2013;13:5–25.             38. Walters TJ, Mabry RL. Issues related to the use of tourniquets
          17. Butler FK Jr, Blackbourne LH. Battlefield trauma care then   on the battlefield. Mil Med. 2005;170:770–775.
             and now: a decade of Tactical Combat Casualty Care.  J   39. Klenerman, L. The Tourniquet Manual—Principles and Prac-
             Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:S395–S402.         tice. London: Springer­Verlag; 2003:44–46.
          18. Ritenour AE, Dorlac WC, Rang R, et al. Complications after   40. Orgui E, Parsons A, White T, et al. Tourniquet use in upper
             fasciotomy revision and delayed compartment release in com­  limb surgery. Hand. 2011;6:165–173.
             bat patients. J Trauma. 2008;64:S153–S161.      41. Wakai A,  Winter  DC, Street JT, Redmond PH.  Pneumatic
          19. Kragh JF Jr, O’Neill ML, Walters TJ, et al. Minor morbidity   tourniquets in extremity surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg.
             with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in severe limb   2001;9:345–351.
             trauma: research, history, and reconciling advocates and abo­  42. Crenshaw AG, Hargens AR, Gershuni DH, Rydevik B. Wide
             litionists. Mil Med. 2011;176:817–823.             tourniquet cuffs more effective at lower inflation pressures.
          20. Kragh JF Jr, Beebe EF, O’Neill ML, et al. Performance im­  Acta Orthop Scand. 1988;59:447–451.
             provement in emergency tourniquet use during the Baghdad   43. Graham B, Breault MJ, McEwen JA, McGraw RW. Occlu­
             surge. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:873–875.            sion of arterial flow in the extremities at subsystolic pressures
          21. Welling DR, Burris DG, Hutton JE, et al.  A balanced ap­  through the use of wide tourniquet cuffs. Clin Orthop Relat
             proach to tourniquet use: lessons learned and relearned. J Am   Res. 1993;286:267–261.
             Col Surg. 2006;203:106–115.                     44. Wall PL, Duevel DC, Hassan MB, et al. Tourniquets and oc­
          22. Gross SD.  A Manual of Military Surgery, or, Hints on the   clusion: the pressure of design. Mil Med. 2013;178:578–587.
             Emergencies of Field, Camp and Hospital Practice. Philadel­  45. Klenerman L. Tourniquet time—how long? Hand. 1980;12:
             phia: J.B. Lippincott; 1862.                       231–234.
          23. Great Britain, Army Medical Services. Injuries and diseases of   46. Fletcher IR, Healy TEJ. The arterial tourniquet. Ann R Coll
             war (reprint of the official British manual). Washington, DC:   Surg Engl. 1983;65:409–417.
             US National Library of Medicine; 1918.          47. Kam PC, Kavanagh R, Yoong FF. The arterial tourniquet:
          24. Wolff LH, Adkins TF. Tourniquet problems in war injuries.   pathophysiological consequences and anesthetic implications.
             Bulletin of the US Army Medical Department. 1945;37:77–84.  Anaesthesia. 2001;56:534–545.
          25. Bellamy RF. Combat trauma overview. In: Zajtchuk R,   48. Blaisdell FW. The pathophysiology of skeletal muscle isch­
             Grande CM, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine, Anesthe-  emia and the reperfusion syndrome: a review.  Cardiovasc
             sia and Perioperative Care of the Combat Casualty. Falls   Surg. 2002;10:620–630.
             Church, VA: Office of the Surgeon General, United States   49. Kragh JF Jr, Baer DG, Walters TJ. Extended (16­hour) tour­
             Army; 1995:1–42.                                   niquet application after combat wounds: a case report and
          26. Bellamy RF. The causes of death in conventional land war­  review of current literature.  J Orthop Trauma.  2007;21:
             fare: implications for combat casualty care research. Mil Med.   274–278.
             1984;149:55–62.                                 50. Sapega AA, Heppenstall RB, Chance B, et al. Optimizing
          27. Calkins MD, Snow C, Costello M, Bentley TB. Evaluation   tourniquet application and release times in extremity surgery.
             of possible battlefield tourniquet systems for the far­forward   A biochemical and ultrastructural study.  J Bone Joint Surg
             setting. Mil Med. 2000;165:379–384.                Am. 1985;67: 67:303–314.
          28. Butler FK, Holcomb JB, Giebner SG, et al. Tactical Combat   51. Olivecrona C, Lapidus LJ, Benson L, Blomfeldt R. Tourni­
             Casualty Care 2007: evolving concepts and battlefield experi­  quet time affects postoperative complications after knee ar­
             ence. Mil Med. 2007;172:S1–S19.                    throplasty. Int Orthop. 2013;37:827–832.
          29. Kelly JF, Ritenour AE, McLaughlin DF, et al. Injury severity   52. Gifford SM, Propper BW, Eliason JL. The ischemic threshold
             and causes of death from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Oper­  of the extremity. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 2011;23:
             ation Enduring Freedom: 2003–2004 versus 2006. J Trauma.   81–87.
             2008;64:S21–S27.                                53. Hancock HM, Stannard A, Burkhardt GE, et al. Hemor­
          30. Eastridge B, Mabry R, Seguin P, et al. Death on the battlefield   rhagic shock worsens neuromuscular recovery in a porcine
             (2001–2011): implications for the future of combat casualty   model of hind limb vascular injury and ischemia/reperfusion.
             care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73:S431–S437.  J Vasc Surg. 2011;53:1052–1062.
          31. Lakstein D, Blumenfeld A, Sokolov T, et al. Tourniquets for   54. Malinoski DJ, Slater MS, Mullins RJ. Crush injury and rhab­
             hemorrhage control on the battlefield: a 4­year  accumulated   domyolysis. Crit Care Clin. 2004;20:171–192.
             experience. J Trauma. 2003;54:S221–S225.        55. Klenerman L, Biswas M, Hulands GH, Rhodes AM. Systemic
          32. Beekley AC, Sebesta JA, Blackbourne LH, et al; 31st Com­  and local effects of the application of a tourniquet. J Bone
             bat Support Hospital Research Group. Prehospital tourniquet   Joint Surg Br. 1980;63:385–388.
             use in Operation Iraqi Freedom: effect on hemorrhage control   56. Townsend HS, Goodman SB, Shurman DJ, et al. Tourniquet
             and outcomes. J Trauma. 2008;64:S28–37.            release: systemic and  metabolic  effects.  Acta  Anaesthesiol
          33. Kragh JF Jr, O’Neill ML, Beebe DF, et al. Survey of the indi­  Scand. 1996:40:1234–1237.
             cations for use of emergency tourniquets. J Spec Oper Med.   57. Wiggers CJ. Physiology of Shock. New York: Commonwealth
             2011;11:30–38.                                     Fund; 1950:95–120.
          34. Kotwal RS, Montgomery HR, Kotwal BM, et al. Eliminat­  58. Malan E, Tattoni  G. Physio­ and  anatomo­pathology of
             ing preventable death on the battlefield. Arch Surg. 2011;146:   acute ischemia of the extremities. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1963;4:
             1350–1358.                                         212–225.
          35. Butler  FK,  Giebner  SD,  McSwain  N,  Salomone  J,  Pons  P   59. Labbe R, Lindsay T, Walker PM. The extent and distribution
             (eds.). Prehospital Trauma Life Support Manual (Military 7th   of skeletal muscle necrosis after graded periods of complete
             ed). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2010.  ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 1987;6:152–157.



          30                                      Journal of Special Operations Medicine  Volume 15, Edition 1/Spring 2015
   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44   45