Page 61 - 2022 Spring JSOM

FIGURE 2 Time to intravenous procedure completion. FIGURE 4 Perceived difficulty in procedure application.

† p < .001 vs NVG, NVG+A.
HL, tactical headlamp; NVG, night vision goggle; NVG+A, night † p < .001 vs NVG, NVG+A.
vision goggle with focusing adaptor; NVG-A. **p < .01 vs NVG, NVG+A.
HL, headlamp; IV, intravenous; IO, intraosseous; NVG, night vision
goggle; NVG+A, night vision goggle with focusing adaptor.
FIGURE 3 Time to intraosseous procedure completion.
demographic, experience, confidence, or training variables
were significantly correlated with study outcomes, signifi-
cantly interacted with lighting conditions in factorial ANOVA,
or altered the hypothesis-driven outcomes when included as
covariates in analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

These exploratory analyses included years in the military, con-
tact lens use, familiarity with the lighting equipment, use of
NVG or NVG+A in operational environments for IV or IO
placement, presurvey and postsurvey confidence in use of the
lighting equipment for IV or for IO placement, and training
(US SO, SARCs, FMSTs).

None of the study participant-centric demographic, experi-
**p < .01 vs NVG, NVG+A. ence, confidence, or training variables were significantly cor-
HL, tactical headlamp; NVG, night vision goggle; NVG+A, night
vision goggle with focusing adaptor; NVG-A. related with study outcomes, with two exceptions. First, a
participant’s number of years in the military was significantly
associated with greater IV success in the NVG+A lighting con-
5 = very difficult). Figure 4 shows that the headlamp was rated dition (p < .02). Second, US SO participants were significantly
significantly less difficult than the NVG and NVG+A for both faster than SARC participants in IO access in completion times
IV (each p <.001) and IO procedures (each p < .01). under NVG (50 ± 3 s vs 81 ± 9 s; p < .001) and NVG+A
(51 ± 4 s vs 93 ± 29 s; p < .01) lighting conditions. However,
Confidence neither years in the military nor training (US SO versus SARC,
Participants were asked to rate their confidence in starting IV excluding the one FMST participant) significantly interacted
and IO needles under each lighting condition. Table 1 shows with lighting conditions in IV or IO success rates or appli-
that pretesting confidence for both IV and IO procedures cation times in factorial ANOVA. Further, including years in
was significantly higher with the headlamp than with NVG the military and training as covariates in ANCOVA analyses
or NVG+A (each p < .001). Pretesting NVG confidence was failed to alter the substantive findings from hypothesis testing
significantly higher than that for NVG+A for IV and IO access in application success or in application times for IV or IO pro-
(each p < .01). NVG and NVG+A posttesting confidence did cedures. That is, the substantive findings displayed in Figures
not significantly differ between IV or IO procedures. 1, 2, and 3 were robust to comprehensive exploratory analyses
to account for potentially confounding demographic, experi-
Table 1 also shows that pre–post changes in confidence were ence, confidence, and training variables.
mixed. Confidence using NVG+A significantly increased for
IV and IO procedures. Confidence using the headlamp signifi- Attitudes Toward Using NVGs With Adaptors
cantly increased for IO procedures but not for IV procedures. Overall, 30% (7/23) of participants indicated that they would
Confidence using NVG did not significantly change for IV or use focusing adaptors to start an IV or IO procedure in an
IO procedures and actually trended lower for IV. operational environment only reluctantly, while 57% (13/23)
indicated they would do so willingly, and 13% (3/23) would
Exploratory Analyses do so eagerly.
To guard against the possibility that the substantive finding
from hypothesis testing was artificially driven by potentially Forced Choice Preference
confounding variables, comprehensive exploratory analy- Participants were asked to choose one combination of light-
ses were conducted to determine whether participant-centric ing conditions and IV or IO access to use in an operational,

IO and IV Access Using Night Vision Goggle Focusing Adaptors | 59