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7. Foex BA, Dark P, Rees Davies R. Fluid replacement via the 27. Michaelson M, Taitelman U, Bursztein S. Management of
rectum for treatment of hypovolaemic shock in an animal crush syndrome. Resuscitation. 1984;12:141–146.
model. Emerg Med J. 2007;24:3–4. 28. US Army Institute of Surgical Research. Tactical Combat Ca-
8. Li W, Qian J, Liu X, et al. Management of severe crush injury sualty Care Guidelines. 2014. http://www.usaisr.amedd.army.
in a front-line tent ICU after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in mil/pdfs/TCCC_Guidelines_140602.pdf
China: an experience with 32 cases. Crit Care. 2009;13:R178. 29. US Army Institute of Surgical Research. Guidelines to prevent
9. Huang KC, Lee TS, Lin YM, et al. Clinical features and out- infection in combat-related injuries. Joint Theater Trauma
come of crush syndrome caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake. J System Clinical Practice Guideline. 2012. http://www.usaisr.
Formo Med Assoc. 2002;101:249–256. amedd.army.mil/cpgs/Infection_Control_2_Apr_12.pdf.
10. Alavi-Moghaddam M, Safari S, Najafi I, et al. Accuracy of
urine dipstick in the detection of patients at risk for crush-in-
duced rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. Eur J Emerg
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11. Better OS. The crush syndrome revisited (1940-1990). Neph- Dr Walters is a research physiologist and a member of the
ron. 1990;55:97–103. Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area at
12. Better OS, Abassi ZA. Early fluid resuscitation in patients the US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), where
with rhabdomyolysis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7:416–422. he conducts human and animal research focused on limb sal-
13. Malinoski DJ, Slater MS, Mullins RJ. Crush injury and rhab- vage following combat-related muscle trauma.
domyolysis. Crit Care Clin. 2004;20:171–192. E-mail: thomas.j.walters22.civ@mail.mil.
14. Huerta-Alardin AL, Varon J, Marik PE. Bench-to-bedside re-
view: rhabdomyolysis—an overview for clinicians. Cri Care. MAJ Powell is an intensive care physician currently serving
2005;9:158–169.
15. Nespoli A, Corso V, Mattarel D, et al. The management of as the 4th Battalion 3rd Special Forces Group (Airborne) sur-
shock and local injury in traumatic rhabdomyolysis. Minerva geon and a staff intensivist at Womack Army Medical Center.
Anestesiol. 1999;65:256–262. E-mail: douglas.f.powell.mil@mail.mil.
16. Polderman KH. Acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis. Int J
Artif Organs. 2004;27:1030–1033. SFC Penny, NREMT-P is a senior medic and instructor at
17. Zimmerman JL, Shen MC. Rhabdomyolysis. Chest. 2013;144: the Special Operations Combat Medic Course, U.S. Army
1058–1065. John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School.
18. Weisberg LS. Management of severe hyperkalemia. Crit Care E-mail: andrew.r.penny2.mil@mail.mil
Med. 2008;36:3246–3251.
19. McCullough PA, Beaver TM, Bennett-Guerrero E, et al. LTC(P) Chung is a board-certified internist and intensivist
Acute and chronic cardiovascular effects of hyperkalemia: and currently the critical care consultant to the Army Surgeon
new insights into prevention and clinical management. Rev
Cardiovasc Med. 2014;15:11–23. General. He has spent the last 11 years at the US Army Insti-
20. Scharman EJ, Troutman WG. Prevention of kidney injury fol- tute of Surgical Research in various capacities. He is an SME
lowing rhabdomyolysis: a systematic review. Ann Pharmaco- for burns, critical care, and organ failure.
ther. 2013;47:90–105. E-mail: kevin.k.chung.mil@mail.mil.
21. Parham WA, Mehdirad AA, Biermann KM, et al. Hyperkale-
mia revisited. Tex Heart Inst J. 2006;33:40–47. COL Keenan is a board-certified emergency medicine phy-
22. Porter K, Greaves I. Crush injury and crush syndrome: a con- sician and is currently serving as command surgeon, Special
sensus statement. Emerg Nurse. 2003;11:26–30. Operations Command, Europe. He has previously served as
23. Schwartz DS, Weisner Z, Badar J. Immediate lower extrem- battalion surgeon in both 1st and 3rd SFG(A) and as group
ity tourniquet application to delay onset of reperfusion injury surgeon, 10th SFG(A). He is the coordinator for the SOMA
after prolonged crush injury. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19:
544–547. Prolonged Field Care Working Group.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Crush injury E-mail: sean.keenan1.mil@mail.mil.
and crush syndrome. http://www.acep.org/MobileArticle.
aspx?id=46079&parentid=740 COL Shackelford, MC, USAF, is a trauma surgeon, cur-
25. Chen X, Zhong H, Fu P, et al. Infections in crush syndrome: rently serving as the chief of performance improvement, Joint
a retrospective observational study after the Wenchuan earth- Trauma System, San Antonio, Texas. She is a member of the
quake. Emerg Med J. 2011;28:14–17. Committee on TCCC and has previously deployed as the di-
26. Guner SI, Oncu MR. Evaluation of crush syndrome patients rector of the Joint Theater Trauma System.
with extremity injuries in the 2011 Van Earthquake in Tur- E-mail: stacy.shackelford@us.af.mil.
key. J Clin Nurs. 2014;23:243–249.

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