Page 125 - Journal of Special Operations Medicine - Summer 2015
P. 125
for peak performance of occupational tasks but also to 14. Woods K, Bishop P, Jones E. Warm-up and stretching in the pre-
reduce injury risk. Recommendations and guidance for vention of muscular injury. Sports Med. 2007;37:1089–1099.
physical training is contained in Army Physical Readi- 15. Safran MR, Garrett WE, Seaber AV, et al. The role of warmup
in muscular injury prevention. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:
ness Training (Field Manual 7-22). 12 123–129.
16. Strickler T, Malone T, Garrett WE. The effect of passive warm-
ing on muscle injury. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18:141–145.
Acknowledgments 17. Gilchrist J, Mandelbaum BR, Melancon H, et al. A random-
Thanks to Mr. Keith Hauret for the unpublished data ized controlled trial to prevent noncontact anterior cruciate
ligament injuries in female collegiate soccer players. Am J
in Figure 3B. Mr Ryan Steelman edited the article and Sports Med. 2008;36:1476–1483.
provided comments. 18. Groom DR, Palmer T, Onate JA, et al. Soccer specific warm-
up and lower extremity injury rates in collegiate male soccer
players. J Athl Train. 2013;48:782–789.
Disclaimer 19. Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, et al. Exercises to
prevent lower limb injuries in youth sports: cluster random-
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the ized controlled trial. Br Med J. 2005;330:449–456.
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy 20. Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, et al. Comprehensive
of the Department of Defense, Department of the Army, warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female
US Army Medical Department, or the US Government. footballers: cluster randomized controlled trial. Br Med J.
2008;337:a2469.
21. Knapik JJ, Burse RL, Vogel JA. Height, weight, percent body
Disclosure fat and indices of adiposity for young men and women entering
the U.S. Army. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1983;54:223–231.
The author has nothing to disclose. 22. Knapik JJ, Jones SB, Sharp MA, et al. A prospective study
of injuries and injury risk factors among United States Army
wheel vehicle mechanics. Technical Report No. 2-MA-7193
References B-06. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army Center for
Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine; 2006.
1. Knapik JJ. The importance of physical fitness for injury pre- 23. Roche AF, Siervogel RM, Chumlea WM, et al. Grading body
vention (part 1). J Spec Oper Med. 2015;15:123–127. fatness from limited anthropometric data. Am J Clin Nutr.
2. Jones BH, Cowan DN, Tomlinson JP, et al. Epidemiology of 1981;34:2831–2838.
injuries associated with physical training among young men 24. Cureton KJ. Effects of experimental alterations in excess
in the Army. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:197–203. weight on physiological responses to exercise and physical
3. Kaufman KR, Brodine SK, Shaffer RA, et al. The effect of performance. In: Marriott BM, Grumstrup-Scott J, eds. Body
foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal over- Composition and Physical Performance Applications for Mil-
use injury. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:585–593. itary Services. Washington, DC: National Academies Press;
4. Beltrao NB, Ritti-Dias RM, Pitanqui AC, et al. Correlation 1992.
between acute and short-term changes in flexibility using two 25. Jones BH, Bovee MW, Harris JM, et al. Intrinsic risk factors
stretching techniques. Int J Sports Med. 2014;35:1151–1154. for exercise-related injuries among male and female Army
5. McHugh MP, Cosgrave CH. To stretch or not to stretch: trainees. Am J Sports Med. 1983;21:705–710.
the role of stretching in injury prevention and performance. 26. Knapik JJ, Jones SB, Darakjy S, et al. Injury rates and injury
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20:169–181. risk factors among United States Army Wheel Vehicle Me-
6. Mathews DK. Measurement in Physical Education. Philadel- chanics. Mil Med. 2007;172:988–996.
phia, PA: WB Sanders Co.; 1968. 27. Knapik JJ, Jones SB, Darakjy S, et al. Injuries and injury risk
7. VanMechelen W, Hlobil H, Kemper HCG, et al. Prevention factors among members of the United States Army Band. Am
of running injuries by warm-up, cool down, and stretching J Ind Med. 2007;50:951–961.
exercises. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:711–719. 28. “Calculate your body mass.” https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health
8. Pope RP, Herbert RD, Kirwan JD, et al. A randomized trial /educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm.
of preexercise stretching for prevention of lower-limb injury.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:271–277.
9. Amako M, Oda T, Masuoka K, et al. Effect of static stretch-
ing on prevention of injuries for military recruits. Mil Med.
2003;168:442–446. MAJ (Ret) Knapik served as an enlisted wheel vehicle me-
10. Thacker SB, Gilcrest J, Stroup DF, et al. The impact of stretch- chanic and medic before he was commissioned as a Medical
ing on sports injury risk: a systematic review of the literature. Service Corps officer. He retired from military service in 1994
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:371–378. and continued active research at the US Army Research Labo-
11. Simic L, Sarabon N, Markovic G. Does per-exercise static ratory and epidemiology at the Army Institute of Public Health
stretching inhibit maximal muscular performance? A meta- before retiring from civil service in 2011. He is a fellow of the
analytical review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23:131–148.
12. Army Physical Readiness Training, Field Manual 7-22. Wash- American College of Sports Medicine and holds the Order of
ington DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army; 2012. Military Medical Merit. He is currently working as a Knowl-
13. Shellock FG, Prentice WE. Warm-up and stretching for im- edge Preservation Fellow at the Oak Ridge Institute for Science
proving physical performance and prevention of sports re- and Education. E-mail: joseph.j.knapik@JSOMonline.org.
lated injuries. Sports Med. 1985;2:267–278.
Physical Fitness for Injury Prevention 115

