Page 102 - Journal of Special Operations Medicine - Summer 2015
P. 102
Health are thanked for collecting, collating, and identi- 14. Smith J, Hodgetts T, Mahoney P, et al. Trauma governance
fying the JTTR data used in this report. in the UK defence medical services. J R Army Med Corps.
2007;153:239–242.
15. MacKenzie EJ, Shapiro S, Eastham JN. The Abbreviated In-
Disclaimer jury Scale and Injury Severity Score. Levels of inter- and intra-
rater reliability. Med Care. 1985;23:823–835.
This report presents independent research supported 16. Ringdal KG, Skaga NO, Hestnes M, et al. Abbreviated Injury
in part by the National Institute for Health Research Scale: not a reliable basis for summation of injury severity in
(NIHR) Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Re- trauma facilities? Injury. 2013;44: 691–699.
search Centre (a partnership among University Hospitals 17. Neale R, Rokkas P, McClure RJ. Interrater reliability of in-
Birmingham National Health Service [NHS] Founda- jury coding in the Queensland Trauma Registry. Emerg Med
(Fremantle). 2003;15:38–41.
tion Trust, the University of Birmingham, and the Royal 18. Zoltie N, de Dombal FT. The hit and miss of ISS and TRISS.
Centre for Defence Medicine). The views expressed are Yorkshire Trauma Audit Group. BMJ. 1993;307:906–909.
those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the 19. Smith IM. Coagulopathy after military trauma: the impact
UK Ministry of Defence, US Department of Defense, of a pre-hospital major haemorrhage protocol [dissertation].
the NHS, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health. Swansea, Wales: Swansea University; 2012.
20. Brodie S, Hodgetts TJ, Ollerton J, et al. Tourniquet use in
combat trauma: UK military experience. J R Army Med
Disclosure Corps. 2007;153:310–313.
The authors have no financial relationships relevant to 21. Kottner J, Audigé L, Brorson S, et al. Guidelines for Report-
ing Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were pro-
this article to disclose. posed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:96–106.
22. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing
References agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.
Lancet. 1986;327:307–310.
1. Russell RJ, Hodgetts TJ, McLeod J, et al. The role of trauma 23. Agresti A. Categorical data analysis. 2nd ed. New York, NY:
scoring in developing trauma clinical governance in the De- John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2002.
fence Medical Services. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 24. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agree-
2011;366:171–191. ment for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159–174.
2. Stevenson M, Segui-Gomez M, Lescohier I, et al. An overview 25. Carstensen B, Gurrin L, Ekstrom C, et al. MethComp: func-
of the injury severity score and the new injury severity score. tions for analysis of agreement in method comparison studies.
Inj Prev. 2001;7:10–13. R package version 1.22. 2013. http://CRAN.R-project.org/
3. Gennarelli TA, Wodzin E. AIS 2005: a contemporary injury package=MethComp. Accessed 10 June 2014.
scale. Injury. 2006;37:1083–1091. 26. Gamer M, Lemon J, Fellows I, et al. irr: various coefficients of
4. Gennarelli TA, Wodzin E, eds. Abbreviated Injury Scale interrater reliability and agreement. R package version 0.84.
2005: update 2008. Barrington, IL: Association for the Ad- 2012. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=irr. Accessed 29
vancement of Automotive Medicine; 2008. October 2014.
5. Champion HR, ed. Military Abbreviated Injury Scale 2005. 27. Mikhail JN, Harris YD, Sorensen VJ. Injury severity scor-
Silver Springs, MD: SimQuest LLC; 2007. ing: influence of trauma surgeon involvement on accuracy.
6. Champion HR, Holcomb JB, Lawnick MM, et al. Improved JTrauma Nurs. 2003;10:43–47.
characterization of combat injury. J Trauma. 2010;68:1139– 28. Waydhas C, Nast-Kolb D, Trupka A, et al. [Trauma scores: re-
1150. producibility and reliability]. Unfallchirurg. 1992;95:67–70.
7. Baker SP, O’Neill B, Haddon W Jr, et al. The injury severity 29. Davies TJ, Nadin MN, McArthur DJ, et al. Hospex 2008. J R
score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries Army Med Corps. 2008;154:195–201.
and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14:187–196. 30. Joint Committee on Surgical Training. The intercollegiate sur-
8. Osler T, Baker SP, Long W. A modification of the injury sever- gical curriculum. October 2013. www.iscp.ac.uk/documents
ity score that both improves accuracy and simplifies scoring. /syllabus_GS_2013.pdf. Accessed 16 November 2014.
J Trauma. 1997;43:922–925. 31. Goldstein H. Multilevel statistical models. 3rd ed. London,
9. Balogh Z, Offner PJ, Moore EE, et al. NISS predicts postin- UK: Arnold; 2003.
jury multiple organ failure better than the ISS. J Trauma.
2000;48:624–627.
10. Balogh ZJ, Varga E, Tomka J, et al. The new injury sever-
ity score is a better predictor of extended hospitalization and Maj Smith is a general surgical resident in the UK Army
intensive care unit admission than the injury severity score in Reserve, with deployed surgical experience in both Iraq and
patients with multiple orthopaedic injuries. J Orthop Trauma. Afghanistan. He was previously a prehospital squadron sec-
2003;17:508–512. ond-in-command. He is currently a Clinical Research Fellow
11. Brenneman FD, Boulanger BR, McLellan BA, et al. Measuring at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine and the NIHR Sur-
injury severity: time for a change. J Trauma. 1998;44: 580–582. gical Reconstruction & Microbiology Research Centre, Queen
12. Harwood PJ, Giannoudis PV, Probst C, et al; Polytrauma Elizabeth Hospital; and is affiliated with the 205 (Scottish)
Study Group of the German Trauma Society. Which AIS based Field Hospital in Glasgow, UK. He may be contacted c/o
scoring system is the best predictor of outcome in orthopaedic NIHR SRMRC, Office 4.36, East Block, 4th Floor, Research
blunt trauma patients? J Trauma. 2006;60:334–340.
13. Sullivan T, Haider A, DiRusso SM, et al. Prediction of mor- & Development—University Hospitals Birmingham NHS
tality in pediatric trauma patients: new injury severity score Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Queen Eliza-
outperforms injury severity score in the severely injured. J beth Medical Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK. E-mail:
Trauma. 2003;55:1083–1087. iainmsmith@doctors.net.uk.
92 Journal of Special Operations Medicine Volume 15, Edition 2/Summer 2015

