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TABLE 1 Adjusted Relative Risks of Fracture in Highest Versus Lowest Levels of Vitamin A, Retinol, or β-Carotene*
Vitamin A Retinol β-Carotene
Adjusted Adjusted Adjusted
Data Risk Ratio, Data Relative Risk, Data Risk Ratio,
Points Studies High/Low Points Studies High/Low Points Studies High/Low
Fracture Type Study (n) (n) (95%CI) (n) (n) (95%CI) (n) (n) (95%CI)
50
Wu et al. 2 2 0.96 5 4 0.97 — — —
(2014) (0.90–1.03) (0.92–1.03)
51
Zhang et al. 3 3 0.94 6 5 0.95 3 2 1.07
(2017) (0.88–0.99) (0.91–1.00) (0.97–1.17)
Total fracture risk
Zhou et al. 0.93
52
(2020) 15 9 (0.86–1.01) — — — — — —
Charkos et 0.63
al. (2020) — — — — — — 16 9 (0.52–0.77)
53
Wu et al. 1.29 1.40 0.82
50
(2014) 3 3 (1.07–1.57) 4 4 (1.03–1.91) 4 3 (0.59–1.14)
Zhang et al. 1.29 1.40 0.91
51
Hip fracture risk 3 3 4 4 3 2
(2017) (1.06–1.57) (1.02–1.91) (0.64–1.31)
Charkos et — — — — — — 11 6 0.63
53
al. (2020) (0.44–0.82)
*Data from four meta-analysis studies. 50-53 Empty cells indicate meta-analysis was not performed on the particular compound.
CI = confidence level.
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